Svitovy ocean. Description of the ocean

The Svitovy Ocean is a continuous water envelope of the Earth, which occupies 71% of the surface (361.1 million km 2). In Pivnichny pivkul, 61% of the surface falls on a part of the ocean, and 81% in Pivdenny. The concept of the Svitovy ocean bulo was introduced into the science of vitality by Yu. M. Shokalsky. For its physical, chemical, biological features, the Svitovy Ocean is one of the only goals, albeit versatile for the bagatma characteristics -climatic, dynamic, optical, elements of the water regime and in.

Parts of the Holy Ocean

For the sukupn_styu of all signs the water shell of the Earth grows on the oceans. There is a large part of the Svitovoy ocean, surrounded by the coastal line of the continent. The canonically recognized three oceans: Pacific, Atlantic and Indian. In our land and a number of foreign countries, for example, in Great Britain, there is a vision and a private Icelandic ocean. In addition, there is a lot of visibility of one more thing - the Pivdenny Ocean, which washes the shores of Antarctica. For more ancient traditions, there are 7 oceans that are distributed between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans on the Pivnichnu and Pivdennu parts. To reduce the savings to our days, the understanding of the Pivnichna Atlantic.

Rozpodil Svitovoy oceans on the outskirts of the part є to make it clearer. In a number of vypadkіv minds and cordons, especially in private (for example, between the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Indian and Pacific oceans). There are a number of signs and characteristics that are attached to the skin from the oceans of the environment. Skin from the oceans can be con fi guration, growth, small children of the coastal line of the continent and the islands.

Unimportant on the duality of geostructures (the presence of the sub-water border of the continents, the transition zone, the mid-ocean ridges and beds), the stench occupies the small areas, and the relief of the bottom of the skin individual. The ocean may have a strong structure of the rise in temperature, salinity, water penetration, characteristic features of atmospheric and water circulation, its own system of leaks, inflows and high temperatures, etc.

Individual specialties of the skin ocean to shake it with a self-contained gigantic biotope. Physical, chemical and dynamic power create a special mind for the life of the growers and the creatures.

Oceans in the meaning of the world are infused into the formation of natural processes on the continents. The visual awareness of the cosmonauts across the oceans confirmed the individuality of the skin from the oceans, for example, the skin from them is less specific. The Atlantic Ocean bobbing from space is blaky, the Indian Ocean is bluish, especially the shores of Asia, and the Pivnichny Ice Ocean is large.

A number of fachіvtsіv viznayut іnuvannya of the fifth ocean - Pivdenny Lodovity. For the first time, in 1650, there was a Dutch student B. Varenius, who proponuvav podil Svitovoy ocean on five of the surrounding parts - oceans. The Pivdenny Ldovitiy Ocean is a part of the Svitovoy Ocean, which lies right up to Antarctica. In 1845, the Royal Geographical Partnership of Great Britain was named Antarctic, and was seen by the International Hydrographic Bureau until 1937. In the last literature as an independent book of testimony in 1966 in the Atlas of Antarctica. In the middle of the ocean є the coastline of Antarctica.

Allowed for the vision of the Pivdennaya Ice Ocean to serve as a special kind of climate and hydroelectricity in the whole region, the ice cover, the degree of the circulation of the surface sphere of waters and others. Deyak pre-glazed people lead the cordon of the Pivdenny Ocean along the pivdenniy periphery of the Antarctic convergence, so that they will start in the middle at 55 ° S. NS. At the border of the designated pivnichny cordon, the area of ​​the ocean becomes 36 million km 2, that is, E. Vin is twice as large as the Pivnichny Ice Ocean.

Climatic and hydro-logical and the ocean are grown by specific rice, ale erratic tied to the adjacent regions of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.

The vast heterogeneity of the oceans is abundant in its geographic position, the peculiarities of the city and the morphometric characteristics.

There are more than two thirds of the surface on Earth. From the light ocean, it is rich in what to lay the planet's climate, in new life has arisen (div. Stattyu ""), it will take care of us all the same and without any problems of the necessary necessary products. The zagalny obsyag of the ocean is close to 1400 million km 3, albeit on the surface of the planet, there is an uneven distribution. Great part of the city of water is brought to Pivdenna Pivkul.

Isnu five main oceans

• The largest of them is, which covers 32% of the earth's surface. Vin borrowed an area of ​​more than 160 million km 2 - more, less the whole land. Besides, the greatest ocean; The average depth of the mountain is 4200 m, and the Marian depression is 11 km.
• slightly less than the Pacific: borrowing an area of ​​80 million km 2. Winning the Pacific Ocean,
• of sewing in Pivdenniy pivkuly and borrowing an area of ​​73.5 million km 2.
• A small amount of water will rise on land and give rise to ice coverage with a height of 3-4 m.
• Antarctic waters, which are called the Antarctic or the Pivdenny Ocean, are much larger and will feel the continent. Two thirds of the water will freeze.

Seas are the smallest and smallest parts of the oceans and part of the land. Before them, it is mentioned, for example, Seredzemne, Baltiyske, Bering and Caribbean seas. - planet-ocean reference. From space, the Earth is built on a blakytny, so that the oceans cover 930 million km 2. or 71% of the surface.

sea ​​jungle

Coral reefs grow in the warm coastal tropical waters of the ocean. The reefs can be called the sea jungle through the fiery rosellas and creatures that can be seen around them.

sperm whale

Sperm whales live in all oceans. This is the most common species, in the autumnal hour they fell as hard as they could through the fat, which called up to the speedy number of them. The head of the sperm whale becomes close to a third of all the creatures. Sperm whales will be the largest brain among all savts.

first seafarers

floating ice

Icebergs are majestic krizhini, as they rise from the ice or the shelf (coastal) ice and float along the ocean currents.

Vitik nafti

Lyudin will be overwhelmed by the ocean of light, to be afraid of yogo, vidobuv in a new їzhu, ala, at the same hour, wandering and starting a yomu shkodi. So, I started aboard the Ekson Voldez tanker in the birch of 1989, - only one of the bagatoks applied a ruinous flood of people on the ocean. Happily, in the Danish hour, robots are being conducted.

Girski lantsyugi on the bottom of the sea

At the bottom of the sea, they cross ridges. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is stretched from winter to evening, on the sides of the offensive glibokovodnі (glibinny) pivnini. The water ridges of the Pacific and Indian oceans are more folding shape.

Features of the Holy Ocean

In the practice of scientific dosages of the term "Svitovy Okean", introduced by the French scientist-hydrographic Clare de Flori in the end of the 18th century. For all those who understand, they rely on the respect of the ocean - Pivnichniy Ice, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian (those who have glimpses also see the Great Ocean, as well as the coast of Antarctica, however, to complete the same international seaside) The Svitovy Oceans borrowed 361 million km 2, or 70.8% of the land area.

The light ocean is not just water, ale and water creatures and growing lines, its bottom and shores. At the same time, the Svitovy Ocean grows up as an independent process of establishment, an object of a planetary scale, as a dynamic system, as it is exchanged by speech and energy with the middle, as I am in contact with it. Tsei exchange takes place in the form of planetary gyres, in which heat, vologue, salt and gas take part, and enter the storehouse of oceans and continents.

Salinity of the Holy Ocean

For its structure, sea water - more and more one-sided differences. This salinity is evident in the presence of halides, sulfates, sodium carbonates, calories, magnesium and calcium (in% 0).

In the middle salinity of the Svitovoy ocean, 35% o, ale it rises in the wide boundaries of fallow lands from the rivnya viparovannya and obsyagiv to the river runoff. At the same time, since there is a rychkovy stick in the seas, the salinity of the drop is lower than the average value. For example, in the Baltic Sea there are 6-11% o. As soon as the wine is fermented, the salinity grows into a medium value. In the Seredzemny sea, it rises from 37 to 38%, and in the Red Sea it becomes 41%. The Dead Sea and the salty waters and the hot-salty lakes (Elton, Baskunchak, etc.)

In the ocean water, gas distribution: N 2, O 2, СО 2, Н 2 S and ін. Establishments of high horizontal and vertical hydrodynamics, zoomed temperature, salinity and salinity, change of atmospheric gases. The change in life is connected with the life of organisms, underwater volcanism, chemical reactions in our water and at the bottom, as well as the intensiveness of the matter.

For those napivnutih parts of the Svitovoy ocean - the Black Sea and the Omanskoy inlet - it is typical for water infestation, as it expands from 200 m glybin. anaerobic bacteria.

Of great importance for the living of marine organisms is the penetration of water, that is, the penetration of the sleepy light on the glibina. The openness of depositing in important places near the water of the mineral areas and scrubbing microplankton. For the cleverness of the ocean water, I take the depth, on a white disk, so the title of the disk Sec, with a diameter of 30 cm, becomes invisible. Cleverness (m) of parts of the Svitovoy ocean grows.

Temperature regime of the Svitovoy ocean

The temperature regime of the ocean begins to be observed due to the sleepy radioactivity and the vaporization of the water vapor from the surface. The middle of the Svitovoy ocean reaches 3.8 ° С, the maximum, 33 ° С, is established in the Persian place, and the minimum temperature is -1.6; -1 ° С is typical for the polar regions.

A quasi-homogeneous ball, which is characterized by even the same temperatures, grows on the small bays of the ocean waters. The lower part contains a seasonal thermocline. The temperature drop in new during the period of maximum heating reaches 10-15 ° С. With the seasonal thermocline, the head thermocline is inundated, which will hunt the bulk of the ocean waters with a temperature drop of about a degree. Glibina zalyagannya thermoclin in different parts of the same ocean is not the same. It’s not only because of the temperature of the minds in the near-surface part, but also from the hydrodynamics and salinity of the waters of the Svitovoy Ocean.

To the ocean bottom, a near-bottom near-bottom ball is adjoined, in which the low temperatures are fixed, as the fallow lands change from the geographical position from 0.3 to -2 ° C.

Most of the temperatures change in the degree of ocean water. Її average density at the surface areas to become 1.02 g / cm 3. With a level of temperature in the world and an increase in the pressure of growth.

Techii Svitovoy ocean

As a result of the forces of Coriolis, temperature fluctuations, the atmospheric pressure, due to the collapsing atmosphere, there are leaks, which lead to drifts, gradients and tides. In addition to them, the ocean is characterized by synoptic whirlwinds, seiches and tsunamis.

Drift leaks are set up on the second wind as a result of rubbing the flow against the water surface. Straight to the current to become directly in the middle of the corner of 45 °, so that it starts with the influx of the forces of the Coriolis. A characteristic feature of drift leaks is the deceleration of the intensity of the wrinkle.

Gradient currents emerge as a result of the approval of a nahil vod and for every day, for a trivial hour. The maximal nahil was able to spontaneously stay close to the shores. Winning a gradual grip, which can lead to the appearance of a frenzied leak. Gradient flows will swallow all your water, right down to the bottom.

There are baroque and convection currents near the ocean. Barogradiens are caused by atmospheric pressure in cyclones and anticyclones over small dylyankas of the Svitovoy Ocean. Convection flows are established through the capacity of sea water on one and the same glybin, flaring horizontal gradient in a vice.

There are tidal currents in the marginal seas and in the boundaries of the sea water. Smells come as a result of pouring into the water of the gravitational fields of the Earth, Misyatsya and Sontsya, as well as the centering power of the Earth and the forces of the Coriolis.

Near the singing areas of the Svitovoy Ocean, a non-stationary vortex-like drilling of water with a diameter of up to 400 km appears. The stench is not easy to hunt all the water and reach the bottom. The speed is to become a few centimeters per second. In front of them, there are frontal vortexes, which appear when the vortices appear and vortex from the main stream, and vortex to the ocean.

Khvili, wicked by earthlings on a sea or ocean day. Dovzhina needs to become from dozens to hundreds of kilometers from 2 to 200 km / year from 2 to 200 km / year. In the open ocean, tsunamis are close to a meter high and can be uncomfortable. However, in small waters and bilya shores, the height of the river reaches 40-50 m.

Seiches are stagnant, closed waters, characteristic only for internal seas. The water in them rises with an amplitude of up to 60 m. The reasons for the seiches are tidal phenomena, or a strong wind, which leads to a surge and a surge, as well as a sharp change of atmospheric pressure.

Bio-productivity of the Holy Ocean

Bioproductiveness is based on the biomass of creatures, water plants and microorganisms, so that you can live in your water. The total amount of biomas in the Svitovoy oceans perevischuє 3.9 * 10 9 tons. From them on the shelf close to 0.27 * 10 9 tons, In the thickets of coral reefs and water weeds - 1.2 * 10 9 tons, In the estuaries - 1, 4 * 10 9 tons, and in the open ocean - 1 * 10 9 tons. Near the Svitovoy ocean there is close to 6 million tons of the willow river, the leading rank in the viglyad is phytoplankton, and close to 6 million tons of zooplankton. The maximum bio-productiveness can be achieved with small water and underwater sea deltas, which can be grown in tropical regions. I mean biological productivity when I go to the surface of the oceans in sub-water leaks, such as grapes from glybin over 200 m. Water, containing phosphates, nitrates and other salts. These areas are called upwelling zones. Zooplankton grow rapidly in the area of ​​such flows, such as, for example, in the Benguela Zatotsi, Uzbezh Peru, Chile and Antarctica.

Ecological functions of the Holy Ocean

Great for economic and environmental functions The light ocean is an active way of interconnecting the water environment with the atmosphere, lithosphere, continental runoff and inhabiting its vastness with organisms.

As a result of the interaction with the atmosphere, there will be an exchange of energy and speech, sour and carbonated gas. The most intense sour exchange in the ocean system is to be seen in the outer latitudes.

Svitovy ocean will make life inhabited by your organisms, giving you warmth and warmth. The skin representative of cichs, even of great ecosystems (plankton, nekton and benthos), develops in fallowness in the form of temperature, hydrodynamic regimes and the appearance of lively rivers. The characteristic butt of direct pouring onto the life of the marine life is the temperature factor. In the bagatokh marine organisms, the breeding term is timed to the singular temperature of the minds. On the life of sea creatures, it’s not just light, but a hydrostatic grip. In oceanskoe waters, it will increase by one atmosphere at the skin 10 m. Glibini. In the bags of great gibins, the stringiness of the hardening, the stink is monotonous, the skeleton is thinning, and the gibs (more than 4500 m.) Strongly infuse life and growth of sea life with surface and water leaks.

The dynamism of the waters of the Holy Ocean is one of the storage parts of the ecological function of the Holy Ocean. The range of surface and breech leaks is related to the high temperature regime and the nature of the rise in surface and bottom temperatures, the peculiarities of salinity, solidity and hydrostatic pressure. Earthworms, tsunamis together with storms and strong rods of water take part in the widespread sea abrasion of coastal areas. Underwater gravitational processes, as well as underwater volcanic activity from underwater hydrodynamics form the bottom of the Holy Ocean.

The role of the Svitovoy ocean is great resource. By itself, the sea water is right up the step of the salinity є natural syruvina, as in the old forms it is victorious with people. Svitovy ocean is a free heat accumulator. They tend to heat up, because of the heat and the most important component of the climate-forming system, the atmosphere, the biosphere, the cryosphere, and the lithosphere enter the yaku, as it seems.

A part of the kinetic and thermal energy of the Holy Ocean is in principle available for vicarious purposes in the state-owned activities of people. Kinematic energy of water, heat and water, sea flows, vertical movement of waters (upwelling). The stink of storing energy resources, і, і, і, іtzhe, Svitovy ocean є an energy base, like being gradually mastered by people. Razpochato vikorystannya energija rdlivіv і broken down with the help of zastosuvati hvil і sea surf.

A number of coastal powers that have grown up in arid regions and see a deficit in clear water, lay great hopes on the definition of sea water. There is a wide range of basic power plants, and so for their robots to get electricity at nuclear power plants. Technologies for the determination of sea waters to complete the road.

The Svitovy Ocean is the global center of living, Marine gidrobionti sack from the surface to the greatest glybin. Organisms inhabit not only water bodies, ale and ale of seas and oceans. All the smells represent biological resources, However, people are victorious to deprive them of a small part of the organic light to the ocean. Biological resources of the Svitovoy ocean - just do not have the same group of sea sacks, the video of which in Danish hour is economically justified. Before them are ribs, sea spineless (two-stalk, cephalopods and gastropods, cancer-like and golcos), sea-worms (whale-like and elastons), as well as water growth.

Bagato regions of the Holy Ocean from the shelf zone to deep-water shallows with volodymy cinnamon copalins. The number of mineral resources in the Holy Ocean includes solid, natural and gas-like brown copalini, which lie in the coastal smoothies of the land, at the bottom and in the nadra beneath the bottom of the Holy Ocean. Smells were found in different geodynamic and physical-geographic minds. The main ones are the coastal rosies of titanium-magnetite, zirconium, monazite, casiterite, native gold, platinum, chromite, silver, diamonds, deposits of phosphorites, silver, oil and gas, gold-manganese concretes.

The interaction of the surface of the Svitovoy ocean with such a rukhomiy shell, such as the atmosphere, will lead to the appearance of weather phenomena. Cyclones populate over the oceans, transporting them to the continents. Fall from the place of its own people cyclones spread to the cyclones of tropical and extratropical latitudes. Naybіlsh ruhomimi є tropical cyclones, which are not so easy to grow into strong spontaneous daggers, who hunt great regions. Typhoons and hurricanes are heard before them.

The light ocean, due to its physical and geographical peculiarities, is a mineral in the water storage and an equal temperature rise and an occasional recreational role. Morskiy zavdyaki to a large number of singing іons and sea water, as behind his chemistry warehouse is close to the warehouse of blood plasma, play a great political role. The managers of the balneological and micro-mineral qualities of the marine aquatorium serve as a wonderful place for bringing people together.

Geological inflow and ecological traces of natural processes in the Holy Ocean

The sea has to tear the shore, carry and put in ulamkovy material. Abrasion of skelny and fluffy girskikh breeds, which the Uzbeks store, is tied with drift and tidal leaks. Chvili continuously move and destroy the coastal skeletons. After an hour of storms, colossal masses of water descend on the shore, making splashes and breakers in a height of tens of meters. The force of the blow is hwil tak, how the stink of the building zruynuvati and change to the deyaku to be the shore protection equipment (hvilerizi, hvilerizy, concrete blocks) weighing in hundreds of tons. The force of a blow to a storm before a storm reaches decilkoh tons per square meter of leather. This is not just to crush and crush rock and concrete, but to move the blocks with a rock mass in tens or hundreds of tons.

The Mensh is hostile through its triviality, a little more than a strong inflow to the shore will nadayut a widespread demand. As a result of the uninterrupted development of the eaves, a wave-breaking nisha takes place in the submission of the coastal skyla, the loss of which can lead to the collapse of the eaves.

A handful of shaves of the rounded cornice were shaved to the sea, and then dropped to the edge of the fragment. They were shaving for a long time to become too busy, and to get sick, crush and re-create. As a result of the tricky flow of water on the shore, a maidan is formed, covered with pebbles. Winikak coastal (Volnopriboynaya) ledge, or a cliff, and the coast itself, as a result, has risen into the slope of land. As a result of the development of the wave, the wave-breaking grotto, rock bridges and arches and large gorges will emerge.

Massive of mint generations, cut off from the land as a result of growth, great fragments of the sea shores are transformed into maritime stripes or pillar skeletons. In the world, yak eroziya, ruinuchi and vidalyayuchi breed of the coast, seep into the land, coastal paths, for yak khvili, expand and transform into a flat surface, as it is called a wicked terraces. It takes an hour to get naked, and on them you can see the numerical irregularities - yami, dugs, pagorbi, skelny reefs.

Boulders, pebbles and pebbles, craws, crocheted for their hikes and services for the cause of a sickly erosion, in an hour, erosions go by themselves. The stench is erased one by one, swelling in a rounded shape and changing in size.

It is fallow because of the triviality and strength of the quickness of the growth and the rising of the coast. For example, on the western Uzbek coast of France (pivostriv Medok), the coast goes through the sea from 15-35 m / rik, in the Sochi region - 4 m / rik. We will use our butt to pour the sea onto land є the Helgoland Islands in the Pivnichny More. As a result, the perimeter was speeding for 200 km, and such a win at 900 r, up to 5 km in 1900 r This rank, the area of ​​th for a thousand rockiv has changed by 885 km 2 (the small speed of retreat sloped 0.9 km 2).

Ruinuvannya shores vidbuvaetsya at a perpendicular straight line to the shore. Chim less cut or more rugged coastline, less sea abrasion, yak sacrifice a little bit of accumulation of ulamic material. Pebbles and sands accumulate on the meshes, so that they are surrounded by the entrances and inlets, and in the times of the flow of water. To fix the shape of the mow, step by step to block the entrance to the inflow. Then the stench perevoryuyutsya in perezip, detach inflow from the open sea. There are lagoons. With butts, you can serve the Arabat shooter, yak to the Kremlin Sivash from the Sea of ​​Azov, the Curonian Spit to the entrance to the Rizka inflow and in.

The shores fall off not only in the form of kis, but also near the beaches, bars, bar reefs and wave terraces.

Control over the eroded shores and debris accumulated in the coastal zones є still one of the topical problems will seize the sea Uzbeks, especially quiet of them, as the developed people and vicorists as in the quality of the resort areas, as well as in the facilities of the port spas. For this purpose, you will be able to protect the marine environment and the development of port facilities, to produce piece equipment that will stream the activity of water and coastal currents. Decrease the lines, jumpers, lining, hvilerizi, rowing I want to flank the storms in the water, but sometimes they destroy the current hydraulic regime. At the same time, in some places the coast is unsupported to move, and in some of them, ulamkovy material is accumulated, which drastically reduces the ship-floating ability. In a number of people, there are more pieces of new beaches in the world. Special constructions, which are built in the zone of migration of beaches perpendicular to the birch trees, are successful for growing food on the beach. The knowledge of the hydro-logical regime made it possible to construct the miraculous beaches in Gelendzhik and Gagra, during the opening hours of the beach on Misi Pitsunda. Ulamki of girsky rocks for a piece naming of the coast were thrown into the sea at singing points, and then the bridle of the coast was transported by the very tributes, accumulating and gradually transforming into pebbles and sands.

For all its positive aspects, the piece of the bank is hidden in its own and negative sides. Pebbles and pebbles fall off, as a rule, they are seen in an unprecedented proximity to the Uzbek coast, which in the end is negatively signified in the ecological mill of the region. Vidobutok in the 70s of the XX century. pebbles and food for wake-up needs led to the small-scale ruin of the Arabat shooter, which caused the increase in salinity of the Sea of ​​Azov and, as a legacy, victorious speedy and morbid development of okremiko representatives.

The problems of the inflow of Kara-Bogaz-Gol were great respect for the hour. Lowering the level of the Caspian Sea bezposeredno pov'yazuvalya with a great volume of viparovannya in the whole place. Vvazhala, that only on the buoyancy of rowing, that curtains the access of the water to the inflow, the building of the Caspian Sea. However, rowing did not only lead to the advancement of the level of the Caspian Sea (the level of the sea grew for the other reasons and back to the start of rowing), but it also ruined the balance between the tide and the vapors of the sea water. The whole thing, in its turn, wicked the draining of inflows, changed the processes of establishing unique genera of self-precipitating salts, called for the deflation of the dried salt surfaces and the spread of salts in the majestic countries. Sile Bula appeared to hover on the surface of the ice in the Tien Shan and Pamir, so that it was more powerful than the ice. Due to the wide spread of salts and overwhelming irrigation of steel, the soil becomes more saline.

Endogenous geological processes are seen on the bottom of the Holy Ocean, turning in the form of submarines, earthlings and at the bottom of the “black chicks”, are seen on its surface and on the adjacent shores in the form of borgs. During the grandiose sub-water landslides, sub-water earthquakes, and volcanoes near the open ocean, in the epicenter of earthquakes and the multitude of sub-water landslides, the fall of water falls. From the moment of its own tsunamis, the tsunami spreads from the speed up to 300 m / s. In the open ocean, there is such a hvilya, may be a great meal, which may be uncomfortable. However, when we go to the coast, there is a change in the height and speed of the tsunami. Visota hvil, about to collapse on the shores, reachє 30-45 m, and speed - as much as 1000 km / year. With such parameters, tsunamis destroy the shores and cause great human sacrifices. Especially often, tsunamis go to the Uzbek coast of Japan, beyond the Uzbek coast of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The Lisbon earthquake became famous with a typical butt of a ruinous tsunami in 1775. Yogo epicenter is located under the bottom of the Biskaysky inflow near Lisbon. On the cob of the earthquake the sea entered, and then the majestic whip of the zavvishka of 26 m fell on the shore and flooded the Uzbeks to a width of up to 15 km. Tilki in the harbor of Lisbon 300 ships were flooded.

Khvili Lisabonskogo earthquake passed through the entire Atlantic Ocean. At Kadiks, the height reached 20 m, the ale of the coast of Africa (Tangier and Morocco) - 6 m.

Yak vіdomo, the sea gradually changes its rіvens, and it is especially valuable on the coastal ledges. Rise of short-period (hilini, years and dobu) and long-period (from tens of thousands to millions of rock) colony of the Holy Ocean.

Short-period waves of the sea are filled with dynamism - hvilyovy rods, gradiєntnimy, drifting and tidal-flowing rods. Most negative in ecological relations and attitudes. Nowadays in the middle of them - a lot of events in St. Petersburg, when the hour of strong western winds comes to the Finsky zatotsi, as you can catch a stream of water from the Neva into the sea. When driving an ordinary person (a zero mark for a water race, which would show an average bagatory water level), you often go to finish. One of the most significant pidyoms was placed in the fall of leaves 1824 At the same hour, the water rose by 410 cm in size of the ordinary.

Then the negative influx of naganyannya poveni, bulo rozpochato pozdivnitstvo zhisnoy dam, which blocked off the Nevskaya lip. However, back to the end of the day, negative sides were revealed, which caused the changes in the hydrodologic mode and accumulated in mule waste of foreign speech.

Dovgoperiodichny changes of the sea level are tied with the wines of the outlandish waters and in the Holy Ocean and are manifested in all parts of it. The reasons for this are the tannins and the farther away the tantalizing of ice floes, as well as the change to the bowls of the Holy Ocean as the legacy of tectonic ruins. Riznoscale and developmental changes in the level of the Holy Ocean were established as a result of paleogeographic reconstructions. Global transgression (offensive) and regression (retreat) of seas and oceans appear on geological materials. Їх ecological inheritances were of a negative character, as the life of organisms changed and the harvest of resources quickly changed.

In the period of cold weather on the cob of a quarter period, the majestic obsyag of sea waters bulo vilucheno from the Pivnichny Ice Ocean. At the same time, they stumbled onto the earth's surface of the shelf of the winter seas and appeared covered with an ice carapace. For a hollow-price warming and a tannin of ice cover of the shelf of the northern seas, it has become well-preserved, and in the lower regions, the Bile and the Baltic Sea have been wintered.

Great ecological inheritance as a result of the amount of water in the sea on the Uzbek banks of the Chorny, Azov and Caspian seas. Near the Sukhum bay there are flooded with the walnut colony of Dioscuria, at the bottom of the banks of the Tamansky Piostrov in Crimea, there are walnut amphorae, and for the ancient Uzbek coast of the Azov Sea, there are flooded skies. Signs of the coastal bends on the western Uzbek coast of the Black Sea. Here, under the water, rims were made up, built close to 3 yew. Rocky BC That is, as well as the sites of the early Neolithic people. All the time that we have been knitted with the sea troughs as a result of the energetic tannins of the ice curls.

Especially kindly fixed the sea level and the sinking of the sea level at the vivchenna terraces of Seredzemnomor'ya.

Everyday the water supply grows up to the growth of the seaside districts. The price has been poured over to the reception and growth of the ground waters. Flooding of the wickedness of the foundations and the flooding of the sub-valleys in the places, and in the Silska masses, to over-waterlogging, salinization and swamping of soils. The very same process in the given hour is to visit the Uzbek coast of the Caspian Sea, the beginning of how to move. In the case of some people in transgression on the adjacent territories, there is a stately divisiveness of the people. One of the reasons for the flooding of the Venetsia River in the 70-80s of the XX century. the waters of the Adriatic Sea embrace the sinking of the seabed;

Global and regional ecological heritage in the Holy Ocean as a result of anthropogenic activity

Gentlemen's activity of the people is active and has tipped the Svitovoy ocean. In the first place, people have become victorious in the inner and outskirts of the seas and in the ocean space in the capacity of transport highways, in other words, as the gruff and mineral resources, and in the third, in the capacity of such solid and All pererakhovani vische children gave rise to meritless ecological problems, and the deyakim from them became important. In addition, the Svitovy Ocean is a global natural complex with a larger closed system, not land, becoming a kind of spring suspension and growing spoluks, so to win over continents. Broken on the continents as a result of the state's efficiency, runoffs and speeches are introduced by surface waters and vintras near the inner sea and ocean.

It is well known from the international practice, as a part of the Svitovoy Ocean is connected to the land, on the territory, which is volodya stately jurisdiction. From the last cordon of internal waters we see a zone of territorial waters 12 miles long. Through it stretch 12-mile The area lay down, at once from the territorial waters a width of 24 miles. A 200-mile economic zone stretches from the internal waters towards the open sea, as the territory of the sovereign right of the coastal state to develop, distribute, conserve and update biological and mineral resources. The state has the right to lease its own economic zone.

In this hour, an intensive development of the economic zone of the Svitovoy Ocean will be underway. The area becomes close to 35% of the water area of ​​the entire Svitovoy ocean. The same territory is visible to the maximum anthropogenic potential from the side of the coastal powers.

We can use the butt of unrestricted hardship to serve the Seredland sea, as 15 powers wash over the land with a growing development of industry. It was transformed on the majesty of the skovishche of industrial and by-water inlets and waters. Because of the fact that the water in the Seredzemny Sea flows through the skin of 50-80 rockets, at the rapid rate of dropping of the cold waters, the pool can be increased in 30-40 times.

With a great dzherel zabrudnenya є rychka, like at once with valuable particles, making up the growth of the land, make a great deal of wandering rhetoric. Tilki Rhine in the territory of Holland to wine grapely 35 yew. M 3 solid outlets, 10 yew. T chemicals (salts, phosphates and bran).

At the Svitovoy ocean, there is a gigantic process of bioextraction, bioaccumulation and non-economic processes of its scale. Without interruption, the process of hydrological and biological systems and the establishment of a biological treatment of the waters of the Svitovoy Ocean will work. Morska Ecosystem is dynamic і to bring the stike up to the level of anthropogenic inflow. Health and wellness turn to cob (homeostasis) in stressful situations - the result of adaptive processes, including mutations. Homeostasis experts, the processes of ecosystem management at the first stage appear to be unremarkable. However, homeostasis is not in the snake for long-period changes of the evolutive character, but rather for opposing the forced anthropogenic inflow. Just stretching out a trivial hour of stitching behind the physical, geochemical and hydrobiological processes give the opportunity to assess, in any way and from how fast to see the collapse of marine ecosystems.

I play my role in the obstructed territorial waters, I play and recreational zones, to those of nature, as well as the piece of territory, which is traditionally victorious for recovery, development. An anthropogenic increase in the number of cich Territories, but a change in the purity of the water and the bacterial situation of the coastal waters, as a result of the widening of the widespread ailments, including those of the epidemic.

Naybilsha is not safe to represent naphtha and naphtha products for hydrobatics. Shchorіchno іznymi shlakhs in the Svitovy ocean go up to 6 million tons of oil. Later, naphtha penetrates into your water, accumulates in the bottom inserts and inflows on all groups of organisms. More than 75% of naphtha hardening of the wine is due to the incompleteness of the voucher, transportation and processing of naphtha. However, the best skodi make emergency bottling of naphtha. I am especially concerned about causing disasters at stationary and floating drilling rigs, leading the development of offshore naftogas families, as well as tanker shipments for transporting naphtha products. One ton of naphtha can be covered with a thin ball of 12 km2 water area. The naphtha float does not pass sleepy lanes and photosynthesis. The creatures who had a drink of naphtha didn’t look like it. Guinea fauna is especially common in coastal waters.

Nafta zabrudnennya has a very regional character. The concentration of naphtha hardening is more prevalent in the Pacific Ocean (0.2-0.9 mg / l). The Indian Ocean has a high level of hardening: in the surrounding areas, the concentration reaches 300 mg / l. The average concentration of naphtha hardening in Atlantitsa is 4-5 mg / l. Especially strong naphtha boggling the milky waters and inner seas - Pivnichne, Yaponske and іn.

When obstructed with naphtha, the characteristic eutrophication of aquatics, such as the inheritance, the change in the species growth, the destruction of trophic links, the mass development of non-existent species, the structural and re-evaluation of the functions. For the bottling of naphtha by 3-5 orders of magnitude, the number of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria increases.

For the last quarter of the capital, the Holy Ocean consumed nearly 3.5 million tons of DDT. There may be a high degree of difference in fats, the whole preparation and products of their metabolism are accumulated in the tissues of organisms and are extremely toxic for a lot of rock.

Until 1984, radioactive visits were held in the Svitovoy Ocean. Our land has the most intensively in the boundaries of the Barents and Karsky Seas, as well as in some of the distant seas. In today's day, for international pleasures, the practice of burying radioactive entrances has been drawn from a glance at those who are safe for vikorovuvannyh containers, in which radioactive entries are stored, are surrounded by several ten years.

However, the safety of radioactive contamination of the Holy Ocean is secured in connection with nuclear emergency situations, emergency situations on nuclear warheads, surface ships ...

Some of the best radioactive isotopes for marine biocenoses and people, near the Svitovy Ocean, є 90 Sr and 137 Cs, should take part in biological cycles.

At the Svitovy ocean, the wanderings of speech also penetrate from the winds or from the atmospheric fallout from the viglyadi of acid boards.

The broadening of the Svitovoy ocean obstruction is not only due to the interaction of its surface with the atmosphere, but rather to the dynamics of the waters itself. The managers of their own rupture of the waters will, in a small way, quickly widen their speech across the entire Svitovoy ocean.

The obstruction of the Svitovoy ocean is a global threat. Anthropogenically blend in with all the known interconnections between the system and the Holy Ocean, create a school of roses and food, and people in that number. It’s not only the expansion of toxic words, but it’s pouring into the globally growing acidity. And one fourth of all the dewdrop is brought to the Svitovy Ocean.

The ocean (Greek Ὠκεανός, from the name of the ancient Greek deity Ocean) is the greatest water facility, a storage part of the Svitovoy Ocean, the razdravleniya in the middle of the continent, volodin system of water circulation and some specific features. The ocean perebuvaє in uninterrupted interaction with the atmosphere and the earth's crust. The area of ​​the surface of the light ocean, before the warehouse, which includes the ocean and the sea, becomes close to 71 miles of the Earth's surface (close to 361 million square kilometers). The relief of the bottom of the oceans in the Earth as a whole is foldable and versatile.

Science, wivchak oceans, is called oceanology; fauna and flora to the ocean vivchaє razdil biology, titles of biology to the ocean.

antiquity

In ancient Rome, the word Oceanus meant the waters, they washed over the vidomy light from the sunset, to see the Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, Oceanus Germanicus ("Nimetsky Ocean") or Oceanus Septentrionalis ("Pivnichny Ocean") gave rise to the Pivnichne Sea, and Oceanus Britannicus ("British Ocean") - the Channel of the English Channel.

Oceans today

The Holy Ocean is a global union of sea water, the main part of the hydrosphere, storage area 94.1% of the entire area, without interruption, but not a subtle water envelope of the Earth, which will drain the continents of the first island and become salt to the ice. Continents and great archipelagos subdivide the ocean into parts (oceans). Great regions of the oceans in the form of seas, inflows, channels, etc.

Some dzherela dili the Svitovy ocean on some parts, and on five. From 1937 to 1953, they saw five oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Pivnichny Lodovitiy and Pivdenny (or Pivdenny Ldovitiy) ocean. The term "Pivdenny Ocean" bagatorazov appeared in the XVIII century, since the systematic progress of the region began to grow. At the publications of the International Hydrographic Organization, the Pivdenny Ocean from the warehouse of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Bouv of Visions in 1937. A whole lot of its own priming: at the pivdenniy part between the three oceans, the velma minds, at the same hour the water, lay down to Antarctica, conceive of its own specifics, and also was introduced to the Antarctic circumpolar current. However, the vision of the surrounding Pivdenny ocean was seen. In 2000, the International Hydrographic Organization took over five oceans, but the solution has not yet been ratified. In the official designation of the oceans from the 1953 rock of the Pivdenny Ocean there is no one.

In the tables below, near the sea, it is possible to go to the oceans, as well as to the sea, to go to the Pivdenny ocean.

	Area, million km²	Obsyag, mln km³	Average depth, m	Nybilsha Glybin, m
Atlantic				8 742 (jolob Puerto Rico)	Baltiyske, Pivnichne, Seredzemne, Chorne, Sargasov, Karibske, Adriatic, Azovske, Balearske, Ionichne, Irlandske, Marmurov, Tirrenske, Yegeyske; Biskayska inflow, Gvineyska inflow, Mexican inflow, Hudson inflow : Weddella, Scotia, Lazareva
Indian				7 725 (Zondsky Zholob)	Andamanskoe, Arabianske, Arafurske, Chervone, Lakkadivske, Timor; Bengalska zatoka, Perska zatoka Also tied from the Pivdenny Ocean: Riser-Larsen, Deivisa, Cosmonauts, Sp_vdruzhnost_, Mawson
pivnichny Lodovitiy				5 527 (in the whole sea)	Norvezke, Barentsove, Bile, Karske, Laptavikh, Skhidno-Sibirske, Chukotske, Greenland, Beaufort, Baffina, Lincoln
quiet				11 022 (Marianskiy zholob)	Beringov, Okhotske, Yaponske, Skhidno-Kitayske, Zhovte, Pivdenno-Kitayske, Yavanske, Sulawesi, Sulu, Filippinske, Koralove, Fiji, Tasmanovo Also tied from the Pivdenny Ocean: Dyurvila, Somova, Ross, Amundsen, Bellinshausen

A short description of the oceans

The Pacific Ocean (or the Great) is the largest ocean on Earth beyond the area і clay. Rosetting between continents Eurasian and Australian on entry, Pivnichnoy and Pivdennoy America on descent, Antarctica on entry. At winter time, through the Bering Channel, one can get through the waters of the Pivnichny Lodovity, and at winter - the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. It borrows 49.5% of the surface of the Holy Ocean and takes 53% of the surface of the Holy Ocean, the Pacific Ocean stretches for approximately 15.8 thousand km from winter to winter and 19.5 thousand km from the start to the west. Sea area - 179.7 million km2, average depth - 3984 m, water volume - 723.7 million km3 (excluding seas: 165.2 million km2, 4282 m і 707.6 million km3 ). Naybilsha depth of the Pacific Ocean (and all Svitovoy ocean) - 11,022 m in the Marianskiy zholobi. Across the Pacific Ocean, approximately along the 180th meridian, the line of the date passes. Vivchennya and the development of the Pacific Ocean were honored back before the appearance of the written history of people. For sailing on the ocean, junks, catamarans and simple flesh were used. Expedition of 1947 to a rock on a raft from balsa decks "Kon-Tiki" by the Norwegian Tura Heyrdal brought the possibility of crossing the Pacific Ocean to the western direction from the central part of the Great America to the islands of Polynesia. Chinese junks went on a hike from the shores of the ocean to the Indian Ocean (for example, the same high roads of Zheng He in 1405-1433 rocks). In the present hour, Uzbek and Pacific islands have been developed and populated in the region unevenly. Naybіlsh great centers of industrial development є Uzbek USA (from the Los Angeles area to the San Francisco area), Uzbek Japan and Holy Korea. The role of the ocean in the economic life of Australia and New Zealand is significant.

The other ocean beyond the size of the Earth goes to the Pacific Ocean, the name resembles the Titan Atlas (Atlanta) in the Greek mythology or the legendary island of Atlantis. It is possible to stretch from sub-arctic latitudes to the very Antarctic. The cordon from the Indian Ocean to pass along the meridian of the Golkovy (20 ° circular route to the Uzbek coast of Antarctica (Queen Maud Land). through the Drake channel, from the island of Osti to Misu Shternek, between the Pivnichny Ice Ocean, pass through the secondary entrance of the Hudson channel, further through the Devis Strait and along the Uzbek coast of Greenland to Misu Brewster, through the Dyssyurian island of the channel to the Misu Brewery to Misu Gerpir, then to the Faroe Islands, far to the Shetland Islands and 61 ° eastern latitude to the Uzbek coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula. 47 mln km³ (8.9%). The area is 91.6 mln. evishuє 1% of the outlying area of ​​the aquatorium. The amount of water will be 329.7 million km3, which will cost 25% of the amount of water for the Svitovoy Ocean. Average depth - 3736 m, nibil'sha - 8742 m (Puerto Riko zholob). The average salinity of the ocean waters becomes close to 35 ‰. The Atlantic Ocean is heavily chipping along the coastal line with its swirling members in the regional waters: seas and inflows.

The Indian Ocean is the third ocean of the Earth beyond the vastness, which covers close to 20% of the water surface. The Indian Ocean is the leading rank of rosetting for the day from the path of Cancer to Eurasia on the weekends, Africa at sunset, Australia at the descent and Antarctica at the weekend.

Yogo area to become 76.17 million km2, volume - 282.65 million km3. At winter holidays in Asia, at entry - the Arabian Peninsula and Africa, at the descent - Indochina, South Islands and Australia; on the middle ground with the Pivdenny Ocean.

The cordon with the Atlantic Ocean passes along the 20 ° meridian of the skidnoy dovgoti; from the Quiet - along the 147 ° meridian of the skidnoy dovgoti.

The most recent point of the Indian Ocean is located at approximately 30 ° latitude in the Persian Sea. The width of the Indian Ocean becomes approximately 10,000 km between the northern points of Australia and Africa.

The Pivnichny Ice Ocean (English Arctic Ocean, Dan. Ishavet, Norwegian I Nynorsk Nordishavet) is the one that is located across the wide ocean of the Earth, which has been spread across the Eurasian and Pivnian America.

The area is 14.75 million km2, so the trocha is more than 4% of the entire area of ​​the Svitovoy Ocean, the average depth is 1 225 m, the volume of water is 18.07 million km3.

The Pivnichny Ice Ocean is very thin water from the oceans, the average depth of ice is 1,225 m (the most ice is 5,527 m in the whole sea).

the shape of the oceans

On this day in science colas, there is a version that the ocean has appeared 3.5 billion rubles, in addition to the legacy of magma degassing and some kind of atmospheric condensation. A large number of oceanic basins are due to the loss of 250 million rubles in the outlying areas as a result of the breakup of the old supercontinent and loosening in the direction of (the so-called spreading) of the lithospheric plates. The wine is є the Pacific Ocean, which imagines the surplus of the ancient ocean of Panthalassa to change.

bathymetric position

For the bathymetric camp and the nature of the relief at the bottom of the ocean, a few steps are seen:

• Shelf - depth up to 200-500 m
• Continental skil - depth up to 3500 m
• Ocean bed - depth up to 6000 m
• Glibokovodnі zholobi - depth lower than 6000 m

Ocean and atmosphere

The ocean and the atmosphere are a kind of middle ground. The power of the midst of the middle is the beginning of the life of the organisms. Streams in the atmosphere flow into the deep circulation of water in the oceans, and from the warehouse and temperature, the power of the ocean waters becomes more and more abundant. At its own heart, the ocean is the basis of the main power of the atmosphere and the dzherel energy for the bagatyokh to flow through the atmosphere. On the circulation of water in the ocean, they pour in three, wrapped Earth, as well as bar'єri land.

Ocean and klimate

The ocean will heat up more, and the charge will rise more. Tse allows zgladzhuvati colivannya temperatures on land adjacent to the ocean.

The atmosphere will be removed from the ocean, which means partly to rise to its warmth and may even have all the water vapor. A couple is going, condensing, frowning, like being carried over by the wind and spilling at the top of the board or on land. Heat and moisture exchange take on the same fate as the surface water and the ocean. Internal (close to 95%) do not take part in the exchange.

Chemical warehouse of water

In the oceans there are no more dull chemical elements, which can be found in the warehouses of this water, as well as in the ancestors that have been rooted at the bottom. Everywhere there is a step-by-step renewal of the packs of cinnamon copalins, a way of bringing about the introduction to the bottom of the fall and the roots of the earth measles.

The average salinity of sea water is 35 ‰. The salty relish of the water produces 3.5% of the broken mineral springs - the price of a healthy amount of sodium and chlorine.

Due to the fact that the water in the oceans is constantly being changed by fines and leaks, the warehouse may be the same in all parts of the ocean.

Flora and fauna

On a part of the Pacific Ocean, 50% of the entire biomass of the Svitovoy Ocean falls. Life in the ocean is presented in a clear and versatile manner, especially in tropical and subtropical zones along with the Uzbeks of Asia and Australia, the majestic territories occupied by coral reefs and mangrove thickets. The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean is mainly stored in microscopic one-line algae, which are close to 1,300 species. In the paths, especially widened fucus, great green, and especially in the form of red water growth, such as the order of coral polyps є Reef organisms.

The Roslinny light of the Atlantic grows in species versatility. We have dominated phytoplankton that are stored in dinoflagellates and diatom algae. At the razpal їkh seasonal color of the sea of ​​bіlya shores in Florida, you can find yourself in yaskravo-chervony kolіr, and in the sea water there are dozens of millions of single-line roses. The Donna flora is represented by burim (fucusi, lamіnarії), greenery, red algae and deyaky damn roselins. In girls, the growth of the zoster is morska, or a scum, and in the paths they overgrow green (caulerpe, Wallonia) and storm (sargassi) water growth. For the part of the ocean, tempest is characteristic (fucus, Lesonen, elektus). Tvarinny light is seen as a great - close to a hundred - the number of bipolar species, which linger only in the cold and inland belts and in the paths of the day. In the first place there are great sea animals (whales, seals, seals) and ocean birds. In tropical latitudes, there are sea horses, coral polipis, sharks, rib-papugas and rib-hirurgi. Dolphins are often seen off the waters of the Atlantic. The life of the creature’s intelligence is eager to supervise the great and small ships - it’s a pity, we’re drinking from the cruelty of the guints. The indigenous inhabitants of the Atlantic are the African manatee and the most famous of the planet - the blue whale.

Flora and fauna of the Indian Ocean is highly customizable. The tropic region is seen by the abundance of plankton. Particularly significant is the one-liner water content of trihodesmium (a type of Cyanobacteria), through the yak the surface of the water is very turbid and changes its water level. The plankton of the Indian Ocean has seen a great number of organisms at night: the first, some species of jellyfish, comb jellyfish, pokryvnikov. Clearly, there are siphonophores, including the bran Fazal. In the dark and arctic waters, the head representatives of the plankton are the copepodi, euphuazidi and diatoms. Numerous ribs of the Indian Ocean є luminaries, tuna, notothenic and evolving sharks. From plasuns to a few species of giant sea turtles, sea snakes, from savtsiv - whale-like (toothless and blue whales, sperm whales, dolphins), seals, sea elephants. A large number of whale-like sluggishness in the inner and polar regions, deceiving the intensive mixing of waters, are winnowing for the development of planktonic organisms. Roslinny light of the Indian Ocean performances of burim (sargasov, turbinari) and green algae (caulerna). There are also water growths of limestone and halimed, which take part at once with the corals in the built reef buds. Typical for the coastal zone of the Indian Ocean є phytocenosis, mangrove plantings. For the Pacific and Antarctic waters, the most characteristic are chervoni and stormy water growth, the head of the group of fucus and laminaires, porphyry, gelidium. In the circumpolar regions, giant macrocystis develop.

The reason for the lack of organic light in the Pivnichny Ice Ocean is a suvor climatic mind. Vinyatki become deprived of the Pivnichno-European Basin, the Barents Sea and the Bile of the Sea with a superbly rich and roslinny light. Flora to the ocean is represented by the head rank lamіnarіy, fucus, anfeltsіya, and in the White Sea - also Zoster. In the region there is a fauna of the bottom of the seas of the skidny Arctic, especially the central part of the Arctic basin. There are more than 150 species of ribs in the Pivnichny Ice Ocean, among them there is a great number of industrial (oseleder, tricky, salmon, scorpion, flounder and іnshі). Sea birds in the Arctic lead a very colonial way of life and linger on the banks. Ssavts are represented by seals, walruses, beetles, whales (the head rank of the swarthy and Greenland whales), narwhals. There are lemings on the islands, Arctic foxes and deer come across the crooked bridges. A representative of the fauna of the ocean has to vvvazat also a bold bead, the life of which is mainly tied to drifting, pack ice or coastal ice. Most of the sounds and birds of the round (and only charges will be taken) may be more or less bright.

(Visited 720 times, 1 visits today)

1. Pacific Ocean

2.Indian Ocean

3. Atlantic Ocean

4. Pivnichny Ice Ocean

Pacific Ocean

The light ocean envelopes the Earth with non-salted waters and behind its own nature, a single element, as it swells the power of the waning latitudes. Bilya shores of Greenland and Antarctica, in the roar in the forties latitudes of the round rik storm raging. The paths mercilessly bake the sun, wind down the path, and if only the ruinous hurricanes to rush through. Along with the majestic Svitovy ocean, there are continents on the outskirts of the oceans, the skin of its own special natural rice.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest over the area, the most abundant and found from the oceans. The main features of this are the great mountains, parts of the earth's measles, loneless volcanoes at the bottom, the great supply of heat in the waters, the vinyatk rose of the organic light.

The Pacific Ocean, which is also called the Great, occupies 1/3 of the planet's surface and as much as 1/2 of the area of ​​the Svitovoy Ocean. Rooting of wines on the side of offense from the square and 1800 meridian. The whole ocean razdіlyaє and immediately the shores of five continents. The Pacific Ocean is especially wide in the area, so on the surface there is a lot of it.

On the descent of the ocean, the coastal line is poorly dissected, and there is a small number of pvostrovs and an inflow. At the sunset, the coast is heavily porous. There is a lot of sea here. Among them there are є shelves, rots on the mainland miles, with depths not more than 100 m. The sea deyakis lie in the zone of intermode of lithospheric plates. The stench is gliboki and ascending to the ocean in sharp arcs.

Bagato people, who inhabit the Pacific shores and islands, have been sailing on the ocean for a long time, have conquered its wealth. An ear of penetration of Europeans into the Pacific Ocean has fallen from the era of the Great Geographical Indications. The ships of F. Magellan for a few months of sailing overwhelmed the majestic expanse of water right off the beaten path. The whole hour the sea boomed wonderfully calm, which gave Magellan the name of the Pacific Ocean.

A lot of views about the nature of the ocean bulo otrimano for an hour swimming J. Cook. A great contribution to the ocean and islands in the new one was made by the Russian Expeditionary Service of I. F. Kruzenshtern, M. P. Lazarev, V. M. Golovnin, Yu. F. Lisyansky. In addition, the XIX Art. complex advances were conducted by S.O. Makarov on board the Vityaz. Regular scientific flights from 1949 were sent to the court for expedition. A special international organization is involved in the development of the Pacific Ocean.

The bottom relief of the ocean is foldable. The continent milina (shelf) is well established only on the shores of Asia and Australia. The continents were steep, often steps. Great growth and ridges are spreading the ocean bed on the street. Around America, Skhidno-Tikhookeanske increased to become part of the system of mid-ocean ridges. At the bottom of the ocean, more than 10 yews have been raised. Okremikh pidvodnykh gir, in the main volcanic hiking.

A plate of the lithosphere, on which the Pacific Ocean lies, on its own cordons, in conjunction with the other plates. The edge of the Pacific plate zanureyuyutsya in the vast expanse of zholobiv, like a wink to feel the ocean. Tsі ruku generate earthquakes and vyverzhennya volcanoes. Here lies the famous "Vognyane kіlce" of the planet and the deepest depression - Marianska (11022 m).

Climate to the ocean The Pacific Ocean of ripples in all climatic belts, except for the polar one. Above this majestic expanse, there is no vologo. In the area of ​​adequate fall, up to 2000 mm fall. From the cold icy ocean Quiet land grabs and sub-water ridges, which is why the part of the first is warmer.

The Pacific Ocean is the most restless and dreadful middle of the oceans of the planet. In the central parts of the yogo, there is a dark passati. In the West - the development of Muson. The tax from the mainland come colder and dry

inflow into the ocean climate; part of the sea is covered with ice. It is not easy to sweep over the western part of the ocean empty tropical hurricanes - typhoons "typhoon" means "strong wind"). In the middle latitudes, the whole cold half of the rock is raging with storms. Here the old transfer of the twist is overridden. Nayvischі hvili with a height of up to 30 m in value for the winter and winter of the Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes are coming in a new cycle of water mountains.

The power of water masses begins with the peculiarities of the climate. Through the great length of the ocean, from winter to midday, the average water temperature on the surface changes from -1 to +29 ° C. In general, the ocean falls over the vapors, so the salinity of the surface waters in a few lower, lower ones.

The current ones in the Pacific Ocean will be used in the background scheme in the Holy Ocean, as you are already at home. So, as the Pacific Ocean is very strong when it enters the skid, in the new one it is crossing latitudinal streams of water. First, in the first, and in the first part of the ocean, a ring-like crust of surface waters is established.

The organic light of the Pacific Ocean is known for its extravagant wealth and versatility of species of roselin and tvarin. The new bag has half of the whole mass of living organisms in the Svitovoy Ocean. Explain the peculiarity of the ocean with the dimensions, the versatility of natural minds and the whole. Life is especially rich in tropical and equatorial latitudes near coral reefs. (In the small part of the ocean, rich in salmon ribs. On the small ocean, near the shores of Indian America, great purchases of ribs are set up. , oil, mackerel and іnshі vidi ribs. Bagato ribi bring birds here: cormorants, pelicans, penguins.

In the ocean live whales, sea seals, sea beavers (because pinnipeds live only in the Pacific Ocean). Bagato and spineless creatures - corals, sea animals, molluscs (octopuses, squid). Here the sack is the largest mollusk - tridacna, up to 250 kg.

Leather from the belts of the Pacific Ocean has its own particularity. The Pivne subpolar belt occupies a small part of the Bering Sea and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The temperature of water masses is low (down to -1 ° С). In the cich seas, there is an active mixing of waters, and the smell of riba (pollock, flounder, oseledets). In the Sea of ​​Okhotsk there are abundant salmon ribs and crabs.

Great Territories of Hunting Pivnichny Pomirny Belt. It was strong until it was heavily inundated with ancient weather, here it was part of the storm. On the setting belt lie the Sea of ​​Japan - one of the most diverse types of organisms.

In the equatorial belt, on the cordons of leaks, it is possible to get along from the waters of the sea to the surface and growth and biological productivity, bagato ribs (sharks, tuna fish, etc.).

The unique natural complex of the Great Bar'erniy Reef is located near the European tropical belt of the Pacific Ocean and the shores of Australia. The most expensive "girskiy ridge" on the Earth, created by living organisms. Behind the size of the wine is porous from the Ural ridge. From the secluded islands and reefs in the warm waters, colonies of corals develop near the viglyadi bushes and trees, columns, locks, bouquets of trees, mushrooms; corals light green, zhovt, chervon, blakitn, lilov. Immediately there are sacks of helpless molluscs, golkoshkirich, cancer-like, small ribs.

On the shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean, more than 50 coastal regions have been rocked, in which about half of the people live.

Victory of natural riches to the ocean has a long history. There are a few of the centers of seafaring here - in China, in the Ocean, in the Pivdenniy America, on the Aleutian Islands.

The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the life of the Bagatykh people. Half of the Ribbon's catch comes from the ocean. We can store small fish, crabs, shrimps, krill for catch. In Japan, on the seabed, they grow water growths, molluscs. The people of the land from the sea lead them to the best and the best in the industry. On the shelf lead the development of metal rods. Bilya shores of California and Australia add naphtha. At the bottom of the ocean, zalizomanganese ores have emerged.

Important transport routes pass through the largest ocean of our planet, the length of these routes is even greater. Dobre rozvinenne shipfaring, the leading rank of the coast of the continent.

Gospodarska dіyalnіst people in the Pacific oceans called to the hardening of the waters, to the visnazhennya of all kinds of biological resources. So, until the end of the XVIII century. boules of vinischeni ssavtsi - sea cows (a species of pinnipeds), shown by one of the participants in the expedition of V. Bering. On the mezhі vinischennya on the cob XX century. there were seals, the number of whales changed. In the Danish hour, there was a promise of intercourse. I am great in the oceans to become obstructed waters with naphtha, as important metals and inputs to the atomic industry. Shkidlivi speeches spread by leaks throughout the ocean. Navigate the shores of Antarctica in the warehouses of marine organisms to discover the words.

Indian Ocean

The nature of the Indian Ocean is rich in rich rice with the nature of the Pacific Ocean, especially rich in similarities in the organic light of two oceans.

The Indian Ocean has become a free camp on the planet: it is a great part of it to lie in the Pivdenniy Pivkuli. On a winter day, there is no connection with the Pivnichny Lydovitim Ocean.

Take care of the ocean poorly. There are a lot of islands. Great islands roztashovani liche on the cordon ocean. In the ocean, volcano and coral islands

From the history of the ocean. The shores of the Indian Ocean are one of the districts of ancient civilizations. Deyak vchenі vvazhayut, that the seafaring has spared on the Indian Ocean. The first ways to podolannya water spaces could be bamboo flesh, which is still feasting in India. In the Indies there are catamaran type ships. The image of such ships hanging on the walls of ancient temples. Old Indian seafarers in those distant hours sailed to Madagascar, to Africa, and perhaps to America. The descriptions of the routes of sailing on the ocean were first made by the Arabians. The houses about the Indian Ocean began to accumulate in the hour of swimming Vasco da Gami (1497-1499). In the end of the XVIII century. the first prospect of the ocean by the English seafarer J. Cook.

Complex vivchennya to the ocean retired in the end of the XIX century. Naybіlsh significant further boules were carried out by the English expedition on board the “Challenger” vessel. However, until the middle of the twentieth century. The Indian Ocean is weak. In our days, dozens of expeditions on the pre-scientific ships of the Bagatokh Lands vivchayut nature to the ocean, reveal its wealth.

Budova bottom reel is foldable. The mid-ocean ridges divide the ocean bed into three parts. At the westernmost part, a stretched ridge, which is going to fall for the first time in Africa from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. The center of the ridge is characterized by glibinous breaks, areas of earthquakes and volcanism at the bottom of the ocean. Rozlomi earthly measles prodzhuyutsya in the Red Sea and go to land.

The climate of the ocean is being shaped by the influx of its geographical position. The peculiarity of the climat is seasonal in the middle of the ocean in the private part of the ocean, it is roasted in the subquatorial belt and is strong to a significant inflow of land. Musoni can make a magnificent inflow to the weather in the private part of the ocean.

On a private ocean, there is a cooling inflow of Antarctica; here lie the best suvory regions and the ocean.

With the peculiarities of the climate, the power of the water masses is tied. The private part of the ocean is kindly warming up, it is relieved by the influx of cold waters, and that is not enough. The water temperature is higher (up to + 30 ° С), lower at the same latitudes in the other oceans. The temperature of the waters is going down during the day. The salinity of the ocean water on the surface is in the whole sea, below the middle salinity of the Svitovoy ocean, and in the Red Sea it is especially high (up to 42 ‰).

At the private part of the ocean, there is a seasonal change in the flow of water in order to cover the flow of water. Musoni zmіnyuyut right down to the water, wyklikayut їх vertical displacement, re-energize the system of leaks. At the beginning of the day є the warehouse part of the backward flow diagram of the Svitovoy ocean.

The organic light of the Indian Ocean is similar to the tall and ancient light of the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Tropical water masses are rich in plankton, in which there are especially abundant single-celled algae. Through them, the surface sphere of waters is very turbid, zmіnyu zabarvlennya. In the middle of plankton it is a lot of organisms to light up at night. Developmental species of ribs: sardinella, mackerel, sharks. At the new part of the ocean there are billocks of ribs, for example, Krizhan, and ін. Especially rich for the inhabitants of the shelf areas and the little water for the coral reefs. The overgrowth of algae grows underwater onions. Near the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, giant sea turtles, sea snakes, molluscs and a lot of cuttlefish and squid lingering, and close to Antarctica - whales and seals.

The Indian Ocean of Rusting in Decilkoh Natural Belts. In the tropical zone, under the inflow of the navkolishny land, there are complexes with the power of the water masses. In the western part of the belt, there is little fallout, there is a lot of vaporization, there is no waterfall from the land. The water mass here may increase the salinity. Pivnichno-skidna part of the belt, navpaki, I will take off a lot of fall and good water from the rychok, so we go from the Gymalas. Here the complex is located with highly delineated surface waters.

The natural wealth of the Indian Ocean as a whole is inadequate. Shelf to the ocean of riches on the corisn_ kopalini. At the bottom of the Persian inflow, there is a great load of oil and natural gas at the bottom of the siege. Vidobutok and transported naphtha is not safe for obstruction of water. In the lands, roztasvanih in the wilderness of the Uzbeks in the ocean, de mayzhe dumb waters, the definition of saline waters is being carried out. Apology і fishing ribi.

Numerous ship-floating routes pass through the Indian Ocean. There are especially abundant sea roads in the private part of the ocean, and there are still small sailing ships. Directly, the ruch is tied with musons.

Atlantic ocean

From the Oceans The Atlantic loan is the most important place in the life of the people. It went down historically.

Yak і the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic climb from sub-arctic latitudes to Antarctica, or move yomu by width. The widest range of the Atlantic is reachable in the middle latitudes and it sounds to the point.

The coastal line to the ocean is strongly divided in Pivnichniy pivkuli, and in Pivdenniy pіvkuli is weak. There is a great part of the islands lying on the continent.

In the last few hours the Atlantic Ocean has become a human being. On the yogo shores in the era of the winter, the center of seafaring in ancient Greece, Carthage, Scandinavia. Yogo led the legendary Atlantis;

Since the era of the Great Geographical Indications, the Atlantic Ocean became the main waterway to the Earth.

Complex dosage of the nature of the Atlantic was born only in the end of the XIX century. The English expedition on board the “Challenger” has made a survey of glybin, took notes about the power of water masses, about the organic light of the ocean. Particularly rich in tribute about the nature of the ocean bulo otrimano in the period of the International Geophysical Rock (1957-1958). In our days, the expedition of the ships of science from the Bagatyokh Lands will continue to keep track of the water masses, the bottom relief. Oceanologists vivchayut interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere, to see the nature of the Gulfstream and other flows.

According to the theory of lithospheric plates, the Atlantic Ocean is somewhat young. The bottom topography is not as foldable as in the Pacific Ocean. Across the entire Atlantic, a giant ridge stretches along the meridian. In one moment we go to the surface - the whole of the islands of Iceland. The ridge extends the bed to the ocean on two levels of equal parts. Great shelves lie down to the shores of Europe and Pivnichnaya America.

The climate of the Atlantic Ocean is versatile, as it can lie at all climatic belts. A wide part of the ocean lies not in the equatorial, like the Pacific Ocean, but in tropical and inland latitudes. At the cikh latitudes, as it is over the Pacific Ocean, it is cloudy in the past and in the western three latitudes. Tax in the middle latitudes is often rocked by storms;

The peculiarity of the climate is based on the power of water masses. The temperature of the surface waters here is in the middle lower, lower in the Pacific and Indian oceans. It will be explained by the cooling flow of water and ice, how to wine from the Pivnichny Ice Ocean and from the Antarctic, as well as the intensive mixing of water masses. Depending on the water temperature and weather in a number of areas of the Atlantic, there was a wake-up call of heavy fogs.

The salinity of water masses in some areas of the ocean is more average, as is the meaning of the part of the ocean, which is transported across the ocean through the whole ocean to the continents.

Those in the Atlantic, on the view of the Pacific and Indian oceans, are not straightened beyond the latitude, but rather narrowly. The reason for this is the great vitality of the ocean from winter to week and the outline of the coastline. The current ones in the Atlantic are active, lower in the other oceans, to carry water, and with them heat and cold from some latitudes in the middle. They pour in the current and on the ice. The peculiarity of the ocean is the number of icebergs and floating sea ice. Walk around Greenland - one of the most beautiful areas of the Atlantic. Pushing kryzhany "move" to go from the depths of the island to the ocean and hang over it with cold blakit-green waters with high clumps and clear ice. For an hour, the stench with gurcott vіdlamuyutsya і great diamonds fall into the water. The current crop of icebergs in the open ocean up to 40 ° N. NS. Tsi regions of the Atlantic are not safe for ship navigation. Behind the icebergs, a special patrol service is quilted, signs to come from the individual companions of the Earth. Qia information will be transmitted to ships of all regions.

The organic light of the Atlantic is of great variety, below the light of the Pacific Ocean. Explain the price of the youthfulness of the Atlantic Ocean and the strong cold weather of the climate before the hour of the remaining ice. With a small number of species, the number of ribs and some of the sea creatures in the whole ocean is significant. There are more shelves and raised bottom here, lower in the Pacific Ocean. That is why there are many good places for spawning of bottom and bottom ribs, including industrial ones: trisky, oseledtsya, mackerel, sea bass, capelin. There are whales and seals in the polar waters. Yak in the Pacific Ocean, in the Atlantic Ocean in all natural belts. In the middle of them there are natural complexes of seas, inflow (Seredzemne, Pivnichne, Baltiyske and іnshі seas). For its nature, the stench comes from complexes in the ocean.

At the wine subtropical belt, there is a unique Sargas Sea - a sea without shores, beyond its nature. Yogo cordon make up the leaks. Lead the sea to salinity (up to 37 ‰) and temperature. On the bright-blue surface of the ocean, small bundles of sargassum algae appear with green-brown beaches. Lead the seas with plankton. Even more rare here and birds. Oceanologists call these areas “blaky oceanic wilderness”.

On the offense of the sides of the ocean, lie rozvineni in the state's renowned land. Cross the Atlantic to pass the sea routes. For immemorial hours, the Atlantic Ocean is a place of intense Ribal and animal life. Whale industry in Biskaysk, but all the way in IX-XII centuries.

The natural minds of the Atlantic are friendly for the development of life, which is the most productive from the oceans. There is a great part of the catch of ribi and a kind of collection of some of the sea products that fall on the private part of the ocean. However, the endeavors promissed the last hour of calling to the change of biological riches.

The shelf of the Atlantic Ocean is rich in the genera of naphtha and cinnamon copalins. Thousands of drill holes were drilled on the shelf of the Mexican inflow and in the Pivnichny Sea. At the connection from the growing places, the development of shipfaring in the seas and in the ocean itself, the last hour is the destruction of natural minds. Lost the waters, fortunately, have lost their minds for recovery on the shores of the ocean and the th sea. For example, the Sea of ​​Pivnichne is set in by the many-kilometer naphtha beaches. Bilya shores of Pivnichnoy America naphtha float is hundreds of kilometers wide. In the middle of the earth the sea is carried to the most difficult on the earth. The Atlantic is no longer in the wake of self-purifying itself from ascending. Fighting from obstruction to the ocean є by international law. Along with the arrangement of the agreement, how to barrage the skidding into the ocean of not safe entrances.

Pivnichny Ice Ocean

The whole ocean grows into a suvoric climate, a great number of ice and altogether small glybin. Life in a new way will lie in the exchange of water and warmth from the ocean.

The Pivnichny Ldovitiy Ocean is the best one from the oceans of the Earth. Win samiy mіlvodna. An ocean of expansion in the center of the Arctic, as it covers the entire area near the Pivnichniy Pole, which includes the ocean, adjacent parts of the continent, islands and archipelagos.

I mean part of the ocean area is stored by the sea, a large number of outskirts and only one internal. In the oceans there are many islands that have grown close to the continents.

History of the ocean. Doslidzhennya Ice Ocean - the history of the heroic exploits of bagatokh generations of seafarers, mandarin and in a number of countries. At a distant hour, Russian people were starting up in vutlich wood koches and chavnas - pomori in the road. We hibernated on Grumant (Shpitsbergen), swam up to the Obi. The stench led the promiscuous ribs, fell in love with the sea animal and knew well and swim in the polar waters.

Vikoristovuchi in the house about the swimming of the Russian, English and Dutch have made a trip to the north of Europe in the land of Descent (China and India). As a result of the swimming of Willem Barents in the end of the 16th century. Bula folded a map of the western part of the ocean.

The ear of the planned vivchennya of the shores in the ocean was given by Velika Pivnichna Expedition (1733-1743). The participants had a feat of science - they passed and laid on the map the banks from the Pechory to the Bering channel.

First views about the nature of the subpolar regions to the ocean of boules in the late 19th century. for an hour to drift "Fram" F. Nansen and swimming to the Pole on the cob XX century. G. Sadov on the schooner "St. Fock ".

The ability to pass through the ocean in one navigation of the bullock was brought in 1932 by the expedition of the krigolam "Sibiryakov". Participants of the expedition center under the supervision of O. Yu. Shmidt carried out the freezing of glybin, measured the ice, kept an eye on the weather.

In our land, there are new methods of reaching the ocean. In 1937, the Persha Polar Station "Pivnichny Pole" (SP-1) was organized on the drifting Kryzhin Bula. Chotiri Polar Explorer at Cholі z I. D. Papanina carried out a heroic drift on the edge of the Pivnichnaya Pole to the Greenland Sea.

To help the ocean at a time, when changing the letters, like sitting on the outskirts, and to carry out one-time caution. Awareness from space gives information about the changes in the atmosphere over the ocean, about the change of ice.

As a result of all these accumulations, a great material about the nature of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean: about klimati, organic light; clarified the bottom profile of the Buda, the development of the bottom leaks.

The richness of the nature of the Ice-cold ocean is still visible, but it is not so rich to see those who may be generations, including, perhaps, and whoever is from you.

Bottom relief I will fold Budova. The central part of the ocean is crossed by mountain ridges and glib fractures. Between the ridges lie deep-water depressions and valleys. The characteristic feature of the ocean is the great shelf, which becomes more than a third of the bottom area of ​​the ocean.

Climatic features are based on the polar ocean. Above it, the arctic masi are crossing. A bit of fog. The growing masses of the Arctic are much warmer than the growing masses that form over the Antarctic. The reason for this is the heat reserve in the waters of the Ice Ocean, which will gradually be replaced by the warm waters of the Atlantic and in the minor world of the Pacific Ocean. In such a rank, as it is not marvelous, the Pivnichny Ice Ocean is not a cold one, but a great expanse of land of Pivnichniy Pivkul, especially in winter months.

From the western and ancient-western winds from the Old Atlantic into the Icelandic ocean, a forced stream of warm waters from the Old-Atlantic Current enters the Icelandic Ocean. Uzdovzh shores of Eurasia water and collapse from the approach to the skid. Across the entire ocean from the Bering Channel to Greenland, the collapse of the waters flows into a head-to-toe straight - from the descent to the west.

Naybilsh is characterized by the peculiarity of the ocean's nature and the appearance of ice. They are not connected with the low temperature and the altogether low salinity of the surface water masses, which are determined by the great number of rychkovy waters that flow from the mainland.

Wine of ice in the ocean of difficulties. That is why there is a lot of ice-rich ice 2-4 m and more. In the course of the wind and the flow of the ice, the squeezing of ice, the protection of the ice rinks.

The main body of organisms in the oceans is to set up water growth, life in cold water and to navigate on ice. The organic light of the bagaty only in the Atlantic region and on the shelf near the hand of the rychok. Here plankton grow, at the bottom of the growth of weeds, ribi live (triska, navaga, halibut). Whales, seals, walruses live in the ocean. To live in the Arctic bili vedmedi, sea birds, provincial colonial way of living and lingering on the banks. All the population of giant "bird bazaars" grub in the ocean.

The Ice Ocean has two natural belts. The cordon of the polar (arctic) belt on the winter is roughly located at the edge of the continental shelf. Tsya naybilsh glibokovna i suvora part of the ocean is covered with ice, so you can drift. Vlіtka kryzhini covered with a ball of thawed water. The whole belt is not suitable for the life of organisms.

A part of the ocean, which is prone to land, extends to the subpolar (subarctic) belt. In the main sea of ​​the Ice Ocean. The nature here is not so suvor. For a long time, the water flows through the ice, strongly defined by small rivulets. Penetrating the warm waters from the Atlantic, open the plankton for the development, like the ribs gnaw.

See the dignity of the state in the ocean. The Pivnichny Ice Ocean is of great importance for the lands, the banks of which are surrounded by the waters. Suvor's nature accelerates to the ocean in the new rustle of cinnamon copalins. Along with the development of naphtha and natural gas genera on the shelf of the Kars and Barents Seas, along the coast of Alaska and Canada.

The biological wealth of the ocean is small. In the Atlantic area, catching ribs and adding weed, falling in love with seals. The view of whales in the ocean is strictly limited.

The development of the Pivnichniy Sea Way was recovered only in the 30s. XX century Pivnichniy Morskiy Shlyakh (fast NSR) is the main ship-floating main line in the Arctic, which is significantly faster from European and distant ports. The SMP has a great role in the development of Siberia. Simultaneously to Siberia, to carry otstatkuvannya and food, to carry fossil and ore. Navigation triplets from 2 to 4 months, and on the outskirts of the day, for the other half, the triviality is greater. For securing the robots of the NSR in our country, the branches of the special service: polar aviation, the whole of meteorological stations on the Uzbek coast and on drifting slopes.

Pivnichny Ldovitiy ocean vivchayut people, who are called the virazny word "polar explorers". It is up to polar explorers to start not only as a professional, but as a geographic sphere of activity. Unimportant for those who are, the people are overwhelmed by the hard-working technique, the practice in the Ice Ocean is important and not without safety. Polar explorers are attracted not only by vision and manhood, vitality and workmanship, but by high professionalism.

As much as 95% of all water on Earth is salty and unpaid before implantation. There are seas, oceans and salt lakes in it. In sukupnostі everything is called the Svitovim Ocean. The area will become three quarters of the entire planet's area.

Svitovy ocean - well tse?

Name the ocean we know from the young school. Tse Quiet, in the name of the Great, Atlantic, Indian and Pivnichny Lodovitiy. All the stench at once is called the Ocean of Light. Yogo area to become more than 350 million km 2. It is a great territory to navigate on the scale of the planet.

The continents are divided into the Svitovy ocean on the chotiri we see the ocean. They have their own special features, their unique underwater light, which changes in the fallowness from the climatic belt, the temperature of the leaks and the bottom. The map of the oceans shows how all the stinks are tied together. They do not drain away from the land from the sides.

Science

Sounds of wonder about those who can see the seas and oceans? Geography is a school subject that will first know us with our many people. Ale bolsh gliboko vivchennyam oceans are engaged in a special science - oceanology. There is a view of the water space as a complete natural object, in the biological processes, which are connected with the middle, and the second links with the largest storage elements of the biosphere.

I use the science of ocean glibini to embrace the achievement of such goals:

• adjustment of efficiency and safety of safety of underwater and surface navigation;
• optimization of the cinnamon copalins of the ocean bottom;
• development of the biological level of the oceanic center;
• detailed meteorological forecasts.

Yak appeared by name oceans?

Іm'ya skin geographic object is given for a reason. Be it the name of a historical change of mind or related to the characteristic features of this territory. Let us know, if you name the oceans and come up with them.

• Atlantic Ocean. The ancestors of the ancient Greek historian and geographer Strabo described the whole ocean, called it Zakhidnim. Formerly, they called it the Hesperid Sea. Tse approved by a document dated 90 rock to our era. Already in the ninth century of our country, Arab geographers announced the name “Sea of ​​Moroku”, or “Sea of ​​Temryavi”. So wondrously іm'ya otrima because of the gloom the squeak and the saw, as they pidnimal over him, innocently blew out of the African continent. For the first time, the name was sounded in 1507, when Columbus did the shores of America. Officially, it was also established in geography in 1650 in the scientific works of Bernhard Waren.
• The Pacific Ocean has been named so by a Spanish sailor. Uninvolved on those who want to end up with a stormy one, and there are often storms and tornadoes here, before the hour of Magellan's expedition, like a trivial ric, the weather was constantly fine, it was quite calm, and quiet. If the truth has emerged, the Pacific Ocean has not yet become renamed. In 1756, the ancestor of Baiush proponed the name of the Great, so as the greatest ocean is from us. Until the current hour, the insult will get used to it.
• The reason for the date I named was the bezlich kryzhin, how to drift in its waters, and, very, very geographically. Another yogo im'ya - Arctic - resemble the Greek word "arcticos", which means "pivnichny".
• In the name of the Indian Ocean, everything is borderline simple. India is one of the first lands, seen in the Old World. Drive, as you take care of it, the boules are named in honor.

chotiri ocean

How many oceans on the planet? The price of food is to be built by the simplest, albeit richly rocky in the wines of the discussion and superheroes of the middle of oceanologists. The standard list of oceans viglyad is as follows:

2.Indian.

3. Atlantic.

4. Pivnichny Lodovitiy.

A few hours ago, there is one thought, it’s a good idea to see the winding expanse - Antarctic, or Pivdenny. Argumenting the same decision, oceanologists suggest that the fact that the waters, which wash the shores of Antarctica, are even more sophisticated and the system of flows in the whole ocean is going to be seen from the water space. Not all are suitable for such solutions, so the problem of the Svitovoy Ocean becomes urgent.

Characteristics of the oceans in growth in fallowness are of various factors, if you want to get better, all the smells are the same. Let's get to know the skin from them and about all the knowledge of the information.

Pacific Ocean

Vin is also called the Great, because I can find the best in the middle of this area. The Pacific Ocean Basin borrows less than half the area of ​​all light water spaces and roads 179.7 million km².

At the warehouses there are 30 seas: Yaponske, Tasmanovo, Yavanske, Pivdenno-Kitayske, Okhotsk, Fillipinsky, Novogvineyske, Savu Sea, Halmakhera Sea, Koro Sea, Mindanao Sea, Zhovte, Visayan Sea, Sea of ​​Mindanao, Zhovte, Sea of ​​Visayan, Sea of ​​Akі, Sea Koralov, Banda, Sulu, Sulawesi, Fiji, Molukskoe, Komotes, Seram Sea, Flores Sea, Sibuyan Sea, Skhidno-Kitayske, Beringovo, Amudesen Sea. All stinks take up 18% of the Pacific Ocean.

For a number of islands, there is also a leader. Їх nachuyuyut close to 10 thousand. Some of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - the price of Nova Guinea and Kalimantan.

More than a third of natural gas and naphtha reserves are located at the bottom of the seabed, active vidbuvayetsya which are mainly in the shelf zones of China, the New States of America and Australia.

Through the waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are no transport routes passing through the land of Asia with the Great and the Great America.

Atlantic ocean

Є to others outside the space in the sky, and demonstrating the map of the oceans. Yogo area to become 93 360 yew. Km 2. ​​The Atlantic Ocean basin is located in warehouses of 13 seas. All the stench can be seen on the coastline.

Tsikavim is the fact that in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean there is the 14th sea - Sargasovo, which is named a sea without shores. Yogo boundaries є ocean currents. Vono vvazhaєshim over the area of ​​the sea in the whole world.

Another feature of the whole ocean is the maximum inflow of fresh water, which will prevent the great rivers of Pivnichnaya and Pivdennaya America, Africa and Europe.

Beyond the number of islands, the ocean is the continent of the Pacific. It's not enough here. And then, in the Atlantic Ocean itself, the largest island of the planet - Greenland - and the most distant island - Bouvet. I would like to travel from Greenland to the islands of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean.

Indian Ocean

Tsikavi facts about the third over the area of ​​the ocean will stir us up even more. The Indian Ocean will be the first to be seen and heard. Winner is the keeper of the greatest complex of coral reefs.

Lead the ocean to save the tamnitsyu dosi not reached by the proper rank. On the right, in the fact that circles periodically appear on the surface, and that the correct form rolls up. For one z version, the price of light goes to plankton from glybin, but the ideal culyast form leaves behind a mystery.

Not far from the island of Madagascar it is possible to make a natural phenomenon in its own kind - a sub-water fall.

Now there are three facts about the Indian Ocean. Yogo area to become 79 917 yew. Km 2. ​​Average depth - 3711 m. Vasco da Gama is the first glacier, like an overflow of the Indian Ocean.

Tsikavi facts and characteristics of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean

The most expensive and coldest of all oceans. Area - 13 100 yew. Km 2. ​​It is also very small water, the middle depth of the Pivnichny Ice Ice Warehouse is 1225 m in total. The warehouse has 10 seas. Beyond the number of islands, the ocean borrows another place of the Pacific.

The central part of the ocean is covered with ice. Floating icebergs are more likely to be found near the northern regions. In some cases, it is possible to create a community of Krizhany tovshchinoy 30-35 m. Here, too, having known the avaria of the synonymous "Titanik", having stumbled upon one of them.

Uninvolved on suvoriy klimat, the Pivnichny Ice Ocean is a great place for living of the species of animals: walruses, seals, whales, seagulls, jellyfish and plankton.

glibina oceans

We should also name the oceans and their specialties. What is the greatest ocean? Let's get rid of food.

A contour map of the oceans and oceanic bottom shows how the bottom relief is so self-explanatory, like the relief of the continent. Go to the good sea water and prikhovani perishing, depressions and depressions on the girder.

The average depth of all chotir oceans at once becomes 3700 m. є Pivnichny Ldovitiy Ocean, the middle of the yaky depth - only 1225 m.

Sil - the head of the ocean waters

Everyone knows how the water of the seas and oceans comes from the beautiful river water. We will be infected with such a characteristic of the oceans, as the number of salts. As soon as you build yourself up, the water is still salty, and you will have much mercy. Concentration of salt in ocean waters can be seen in the boundaries of decilkoh kilometers.

The average salinity of oceanic waters is 35 ‰. If you can see the indicator near the skin ocean, then Pivnichny Lodovitiy is the best salt from us: 32 ‰. Pacific Ocean - 34.5 ‰. Instead of salt near the water, there is a decrease through a large number of fallen, especially in the equatorial zone. Indian Ocean - 34.8 ‰. Atlantic - 35.4 ‰. It is important to respect that the bottom of the water is reducing the concentration of salt, below the surface.

The most salty seas of the Holy Ocean - tse Chervone (41), Seredzemne sea and Perska inflow (up to 39 ‰).

Records of the Svitovoy ocean

• The most important place in the Svitovoy ocean - the price of the sea level is 11,035 m from the level of surface waters.
• If you look at the depths of the sea, then the philips will enter the greatest sea. Yogo glibina reach 10 540 m. On another place beyond the cim indicator the Coral Sea with the maximum glibina of 9140 m.
• The largest ocean is the Pacific. Yogo area is larger, lower than the area of ​​all earthly land.
• The very solone sea - Chervone. To be found in the Indian Ocean. Solon's water is kindly prepared to indulge in everything in it, and if you drown in the sea, you will need to try harder.
• Nayzagadkovіshe mіsze is located in the Atlantic Ocean, and I call yomu - Bermuda tricycle. Behind him are boundless legends and riddles.
• Itself otrujna morska іstota - tse blue-ringed eight. Wine bag in the Indian Ocean.
• The largest scale of coral purchases in the world is the Great Bar'erniy Reef, located in the Pacific Ocean.

often Svitovy ocean stray from the Earth's hydrosphere. It is immediately meaningful to this that there are two intelligent witnesses.

Gidrosphere is a big head of the understanding, Svitovy ocean wє її self "visible" і a great part. We wrote about the hydrosphere in our statistics GIDROSPHERE - VODNA SHEALS OF EARTH (read →).

Svitovy ocean, t ...

The light ocean is all the oceans of our planet, the seas and the waters obtained from them. For a more accurate resolution, it is possible to select a number of reputable dzherels.

Ocean, Svitovy ocean (in Greek. Ōkeanós ≈ Ocean, great river, otochuyu the Earth).
I. Headquarters

The Svitovy Ocean (MO) is an uninterrupted water shell of the Earth, which will drain the continents of the first island and the capacity of the salt warehouse. To become a large part of the hydrosphere (94%) and borrow close to 70.8% of the earth's surface. At the witness "O." often turn on to cover the earth's crust and mantle. Behind the physical and chemical authorities and the smart chemistry warehouse, O. is one of the only targets, just beyond some indicators of the hydro-logical and hygro-chemical regime, to see a great everyday life. Yak part of the hydrosphere O. is located in an uninterrupted relationship with the atmosphere and the earth's crust, which makes it rich in hundreds of special features.

O. є a magnificent accumulator of sleepy warmth and vology. Yomu growers on the Earth smoothes out the richest temperatures and grows in the distant regions and land, so that you can be more friendly for the development of life. MO - naybagatshe dzherelo products food, to avenge big words. It is also a win to serve as a source of energy, chemical and mineral resources, which, in some cases, can be used by people (energy of flushing, deyak of chemical elements, naphtha, gas, etc.).
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For physical and geographical features, such as knowing its rotation in the hydraulic regime, in the Svitovoy ocean, one can see the oceans, seas, inflows, coves and channels. At the heart of the most extended day-to-day development of O. is the statement about morphological, hydro-logical and hydro-chemical peculiarities of this aquatorium, in the greater and lesser worlds of the island-covered continents. Mezhi O. clearly bends against the coastal lines of the land, so that it is washed; internal cordons between the oceans, seas and parts of the world have a clever character. Due to the specificity of physical and geographic minds, the ancient people also see in the vicinity of the Middle Eastern Ocean with a cordon along the line of subtropical or subantarctic convergence or along the latitudinal mid-oceanic.
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Great Radianska Encyclopedia. - M .: Radianska encyclopedia. 1969-1978.

Encyclopedia Krugosvet

The Svetoviy Ocean is a water shell that covers a larger part of the earth's surface (as many as five in Pivdenniy Pivkul and more than three in Pivinichniy). If the earth's crust is scattered over the surface of the ocean, the continents, islands, atols, etc. I want the Holy Ocean to be one of the only goals, for the splendor of the future, we need to name the parts: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Pivnichny Lodovitiy Oceans.
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Encyclopedia Around the World. 2008

Marine encyclopedic dovidnik

SVITOVY OCEAN - the price of the oceans and seas of the Earth, the waters which form the oceanosphere without interruption, navkolishnє all continents and islands. M.O. characterized by: a majestic surface, scho to become 361 million km, or 70.8% of the Earth's surface; great depths (average depth of 3.7 km) and a large amount of water (1.3 billion km2); own geological and geomorphological budova; the salinity of water and the persistence of the salt warehouse; living life right up to the maximum gibini (11 km); Alone and without interruption of all authorities, to take care of the collapse of waters; development of natural minds and internal processes; active interaction with the atmosphere, which has a great role in the nature of the Earth. M.O. to be distributed on the oceans, seas, inflows and channels.
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Marine encyclopedic dovidnik. - L.: Shipbuilding. For the editorial board of Academician N.N. Isanin. 1986

• Pacific Ocean:

  • Area - 179 million km 2;
  • Average depth - 4,000 m;
  • The maximum depth is 11,000 m.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean beyond the area and depth of the earth. Rosetting between continents Eurasian and Australian at Sunset, Pivnichnaya and Pivdennoy America at Descent, Antarctica at Pivdni. The sea cordons of the Pacific Ocean pass through: through the Pivnichny Ice Ocean - along the Bering Protots, from the Peek Mysu (Chukotka region) to the Prince of Uelskiy Mysu (Seward River on Alyasts); from the Indian Ocean - along the ancient outskirts of the Malacca canal, the ancient birch of Sumatra, the ancient coasts of the islands of Java, Timor and New Guinea, through the Torres and Bass canals, Otsa); from the Atlantic Ocean - from the Antarctic Peninsula (Antarctica) along the rapids from the Old Shetland Islands to the Vognanoy Earth. The Pacific Ocean is about 15.8 yew. Km from Pivnochі on Pіvden і by 19.5 yew. Km from Go to Zakhid. The area of ​​the seas is 179679 yew. Km 2, average depth 3984 m, water volume 723 699 yew. Km 2 (without sea, for example: 165246.2 ths. Km 2, 4282 m і 707 555 ths. Km 2). Naybilsha depth of the Pacific Ocean (and all Svitovoy ocean) 11,022 m in the Marianskiy zholobi. Across the Pacific Ocean, approximately along the 180th meridian, the Line of Zmini Dates passes ...

Great Radianska Encyclopedia. - M .: Radianska encyclopedia. 1969-1978

• Atlantic Ocean:

  • Area - 92 million km 2;
  • Average depth - 3 600 m;
  • The maximum depth is 8,700 m.

Short geographic vocabulary

Atlantic Ocean Pivkuli, run from Pivnochi to Pivdni 16000 km. The area is 91.56 km 2, the average depth is 3600 m, the most is 8742 m. Omiva Pivnichnu and Pivdennu America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe. Widely tied with usima by the oceans. In the winter, the coastal line is strongly divided, 13 seas. The Mid-Atlantic ridge stretching across the entire ocean is about 2000 km high, across the rift valley up to 30 km wide. Until the rifts coincided with the active volcanoes of Iceland and the Azores. The area of ​​the shelf is larger, lower in the Pacific Ocean. On the shelf of the Pivnichnaya Sea, in the Mexican, Guineyskiy, Biskayskiy, Venezuelan inflows - naphtha, in the United Kingdom and Florida - rossy tin, diamonds - in the Pivdenno-Zal. Africa, phosphorites - the coastline of tropical Africa, the jelly-manganese concretions - in Florida and Newfoundland. Rosetting at all climatic belts. Naybilsh suvori paved areas. Technical: Pivn. Pasatne, Gulfstrom, North Atlantic (warm), Kanarska (cold) Pd. Pasatne, Brazilian (warm). Zap. Vєtrov, Benguela (cold). The zonality of water masses will be severely destroyed by leaks and overflowing land. The salinity of the fish, low in the oceans, so how to drink the vologue rush to the continents. The surface water temperature is lower, lower in the Pacific Ocean, through the Arctic inflow. It does not freeze only on winter, but in other specific inflows and seas of Eurasia. There is a large number of icebergs and floating ice on Pivnoch and Pivdni. The organic light of the bidnishim, lower in the Quiet. The shelf districts have a lot of bottom and bottom ribs, the resources of those from them are hanging.

A short geographic vocabulary. EdwART. 2008

• Indian Ocean:

  • Area - 76 million km 2;
  • Average depth - 3,700 m;
  • The maximum depth is 7,700 m.

girnich encyclopedia

Indian Ocean - Basin of the Svitovoy ok., Roztashovany in the main. in the Pivdenniy Pivkuli, between the shores of Asia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica. The backcountry cordon between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean pass at 20 ° sk. d., skidna - on Pivdni from the pivdenny edge of the island. Tasmania to Antarctica at 147 ° E d., on pivnich from Australia - at 127 ° 30 'lateral. d. mіzh mainland і о. Timor and the distance to the Entry and the Pivnichno-Entry of the Malikh Sunda Islands, Java Islands, Sumatra and the Malacca Peninsula. Including the Chervona sea and the Perska inflow, the outskirts of the sea - Arabian and Andaman, the great inflows - Adenska, Omanska, Bengalska, Velyka Australiska. Islands of the Indian Ocean - continental trekking - Madagascar, Tasmania, Shri-Lanka, Socotra, Seychelles, above-water summits of volcanoes - Kerguelen, Crozet, Prince Edward, Amsterdam, Saint-Paul, coral Malossy - Lakos, ін., volcanic islands, lined with coral reefs - Maskarenskі, Komorskiі і ін.

Country houses.

The third largest basin of the Svitovoy Ocean, with an area of ​​76.17 million km 2, with an average depth of 3711 m; total water 282.7 million km 3. Including internal (Chervone sea and Persian inflow) and outskirts of the sea (Arabian, Andaman and Antarctic. great inflows - Adenska, Omanska, Bengalska, B. Australian. Islands of continental hiking - Madagascar (area 596 thousand km 2), Tasmania (over 68 thousand km 2), Shri-Lanka (65.6 thousand km 2), Socotra (3.6 thousand km 2 ), Seychelles (405 km 2); volcanic. Islands - Crozet (block 200 km 2), Amsterdam (66 km 2), and coral atoli - Lakkadivsky (28 km 2), Maldiv (298 km 2), Chagos (195 km 2), Kokosov (22 km 2) і ін.; volcanic. Islands, lined with coral reefs, - Maskarenski (4.5 thousand km 2), Andamanski (6.5 thousand km 2) and ін. ...

Girnich encyclopedia. - M .: Radianska encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984-1991

• Pivnichny Lodovitiy:

  • Area - 15 million km 2;
  • Average depth - 1200 m;
  • The maximum depth is 5,500 m.

encyclopedic vocabulary

The Pivnichny Ldovitiy Ocean is the one that has the highest level of the Earth's ocean. Roztashovany mіzh uvrazієyu and sіvshi. America. 14.75 million km 2; most glibin 5527 m. Bagato islands: Greenland, Canadian Arctic architect., Spitsbergen, New. Land, Sivshi. Land i ін. Zagalnaya area of ​​4 million km 2. All in. The ice-cold ocean flows into great rivers - Sivshi. Dvina, Pechora, Ob, Onisei, Khatanga, Lena, Indigirka, Kolima, Makenzi. For physical and geographic features continue to Pivnichno-Evropeysky bass., Arctic bass. і the outskirts of the Arctic seas, roztasovanі head rank in the boundaries of the shelf (Karske, Laptyvikh, Skhidno-Sibirske, Chukotska, Beaufort, Baffin, Hudson Bay. and channels of the Canadian Arctic arch.). At the bottom there is a shelf (1200-1300 km wide), the steepness of the mainland has fallen into a bed, divided by the sub-water ridges of Gakkel, Lomonosov, Mendelev on the side of the water. Climat is arctic. Fee 9/10 of the Sivsha aquatoria. The ice-covered ocean is covered with ice, so it can drift, the temperature of the surface waters is close to the freezing point (behind the winyat of the Norvezky m. I okremikh regions of the Greenland and Barents seas); In addition, the temperature of the waters changes from the freezing temperature to 5 ° С and is higher in the surrounding areas. Roslinny and Tvarinny light of representations of Arctic and Atlantic forms. On floating ice there is a biliy wedmid. Ribalism, promiscuous walruses (for the indigenous population) and seals. The transportation will go to the main route along the Pivnichny Sea Way (Russia) and along the Pivnichno-Zaydny Passage (USA and Canada). Naivazhlivіshі ports: Murmansk, Belomorsk, Arkhangelsk, Tіksі, Dіkson, Pevek (Russia), Tromsø, Trondheim (Norway), Churchill (Canada).

Encyclopedic vocabulary. 2009

It is also possible to unite the ancient parts of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans in the vicinity of the part of the Holy Ocean and call them the Holy Ocean.

Ocean. General information

Your respect for statistics and information:

• 3/4 of all areas of the Earth should be covered by the Holy Ocean;
• The average depth of all oceans of the planets is approximately 3,900 meters;
• 77% of all oceans can reach a depth of 3,000 meters;
• 50% of all oceans can reach 4,000 meters;
• Glibini's record to be found in the Marian depression or Bezodny Challenger, 11,023 meters;
• At the waters of the ocean, 3.47% of the salt is available;

• Life was born and went out from the ocean, the ocean regulates and adapts all aspects of the life of our planet. Ocean dzherelo їzhі, vodi, regulate klimat, dzherelo energії, cleansing the planet;
• The water of the oceans is salty. Wonder to avenge the majesty of the small microelements themselves in practically all chemical elements;
• From the surface to the mountain, the temperature of the oceans will change and on the depths of the order of 3000 - 4000 km, up to 0-2 degrees per Celsius;
• The level of salinity of water in the middle become 35%, i.e., in one liter of water there is 35 grams of salt;
• Freezing of salt water is carried out at temperatures of 1-2 degrees Celsius. The water in the oceans is frozen only in the Arctic and Antarctic latitudes and in the seas;
• The water mass of oceans is located in Russia. The main motive power of yakogo є hvili, underwater leaks and vіtru. Water flows are warm and cold, most of them are seen from the Golfstrom;
• The ocean bottom grows out of the mainland earth measles, it is even thinner and becomes 5-10 km. The bottom relief of the ocean is composed of three parts: the outskirts of the continents, the transition zone, the ocean bed;
• The word “ocean” is often victorious as a symbol of what is imperceptibly great and inconceivable. For example, an ocean of thoughts, an ocean of love ...
• Until now, unimportant to all advances in science and technology, a large part of the ocean is small and inaccessible.

Svitovy ocean and global warming

Obviously, be it a global nature, it will be tied by the ocean of light. It’s not just a blame and a lot of money for all of us as a globally warming phenomenon. One of the most obvious traces of global warming is the rise of the waters of the ocean. For the winter tribute to 2100, the level of the waters of the Moscow region can rise from 20 cm to 4 meters, and it will inevitably lead to the inevitable flooding of densely populated parts of our planet. Yak show awkward numbered 40% of the population of our planet live in the perfect proximity to the shores of the Moscow region.

Warming up hard into the ocean in the context of the qualities and power of its waters. The ocean is changing.

Significance of the Holy Ocean for the planet Earth

From the point of view of the author of the whole material, the word itself is the VALUE OF THE SAINT OCEAN FOR THE PLANET OF EARTH, it is absurd, spite of the Svitovy ocean is rich in what and is the planet Earth itself. Obviously, it’s just a matter of being prostrated on all podії, how to see it on nіy.

DATE OF PUBLICATION: Quit 8, 2014 10:49