The nerves of the cells are known to be in the body. Budova nerve fabric. The functions of power. Potential calm and potential of life

Neuroniє wakeful clients nervous system... At vidminu vid mainstream klitin stench zbudzhuvatisya (generauvati potentiality of diї) and carry out zbudzhennya. The neurons of the highly specialized cells do not dwell with life.

Neurons see little (soma) and growths. The soma of the neuron has the nucleus of that organocyte. The main function of the catfish is to improve the metabolism of cellini.

Fig. 3. Budova neuron. 1 - soma (thilo) neuron; 2 - dendrite; 3 - tilo Shvanivsky clitini; 4 - axon milling; 5 - collateral axon; 6 - axon terminal; 7 - axonal hump; 8 - synapses on til neurons

Number vidrostkiv in neurons in a reasonable way, albeit for a budget and a viconious function, dividing into two types.

1. Some are short outgrowths, which are very sluggish, as they are called dendrites(from dendro - wood, gilka). Nerve cells carry one to many dendrites on their own. The main function of dendrites is the collection of information from bagatoch neurons. A child will live with a circle of dendrites (interneurial connections), and increase her brain, so that she can use the stages of postnatal development, realize herself for the development of an improvement in mass and dendrites.

2.The second type of growths of nerve cells є axoni... The axon in the neuron is one and it is a larger male sprout, so that it can only go to the far end of the catfish. The number of axons is called axonal terminals (ends). The mice of a neuron, from which an axon is repaired, has a special functional meaning and is called axonal hump... Here the potential for action is generated - a specific electrical response to the nervous clitine, which is awakened. The function of the axon is the conduction of the nerve impulse to the axonal terminals. For an hour the axon can be set up for the first time.

A part of the axons of the central nervous system is covered with a special electro-insulating speech. mієlinom ... Mієlіnіzatsіyu axonіv zdіysnіyu klіtini glia ... In the central nervous system, the role of oligodendrocytes is played, in the peripheral ones - schwannomas' cells, as well as a type of oligodendrocytes. The oligodendrocyte is wrapped around the axon, fixing the bagatosharovy shell. The area of the axonal pogorb and the terminal axon is not affected. The cytoplasm of the glial cell is seen from the intermembrane space in the process of choking. In such a rank, the muslin axon sheath is stored in individually packed, latin and white membrane balls, which alternate. The axon is not covered with a muscle. At mієlіnovіy obolontsі there are regular interruptions. overcrowding Ranve'є ... The width of this overflow is from 0.5 to 2.5 microns. Function of overloading Ranv'є - it is more common to expand the potential of the film, so that it can work without extinguishing.

In the central nervous systems, the axons of the developmental neurons, which are straight up to the same structure, set up the ordered bundles. providnі paths... In a similar bundle, which can be carried out, the axons are guided by a "parallel course" and often one glial cell forms a shell of decilcox axons. Oskilki mієlіn є by the speech of a white color, then the conductive paths of the nervous system, which are built up from the small axons, how to lie down, set Bila Rechovina brain. Have syromu w speech The brain is localized tila clitin, dendrites and non-celled parts of axons.

Budova muslin shell 1 - a link between the thin clitine and milinova sheath; 2 - oligodendrocyte; 3 - comb; 4 - plasma membrane; 5 - cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes; 6 - neuron axon; 7 - overcrowding Ranv'є; 8 - mesaxon; 9 - loop of the plasma membrane

The configuration of the surrounding neuron is very important, the odor of smell is packed. Neurons are taken for a number of types, depending on the number of forms that come from the age of growth. There are three types of neurons: unipolar, bipolar and multipolar.

Small. 5. See the neurons. a - sensory neurons: 1 - bipolar; 2 - pseudo-bipolar; 3 - pseudo-unipolar; b - neurons: 4 - pyramid cells; 5 - motoneurons of the spinal cord; 6 - neuron of the subordinate nucleus; 7 - neuron of the nucleus of the pid'yazic nerve; c - sympathetic neurons: 8 - neuron of the acute ganglion; 9 - neuron of the superior sheath ganglion; 10 - neuron bicheskoy horn of the spinal cord; d - parasympathetic neurons: 11 - neuron in the node of the intestinal gossip; 12 - neuron of the dorsal nucleus of the venous nerve; 13 - a neuron of a vital university

Unipolar cells... Clitini, from where there is only one growth. For the sake of it, when going from the catfish, the sprout grows by two: the axon and the dendrite. It is more correct to name them pseudo-unipolar neurons. For cichlitin, singular localization is characteristic. The stench overlaps with nonspecific sensory modalities (painful, temperamental, tactile, proprioceptive).

Bipolar cells- tse cells, as there is one axon and one dendrite. The stench is characteristic of the healthy, auditory, scent sensory systems.

Multipolar cells there is one axon that has no dendrites. This type of neurons is associated with a large number of neurons in the central nervous system.

From the peculiarities of the formation of cych cells, they spread into spindle-shaped, basket parts, spindles, and piriforms. Only the bark can have up to 60 variants of the forms of the neurons.

About the shape of the neurons, their sense of finding that directly from the growths are even more important, they allow the soundness and the bit of ringing to come to them (the structure of the dendritic tree), and the dots, to the point.

Our tilo is stored from without a client. Approximately 100,000,000 є neurons. So also neurons? What are the functions of neurons? Do you really know how to smell it and how can you get it? The presentation is easy to understand.

Have you ever thought about those how information to pass through our tilo? Why is it that I’m in pain, my hand is unconscious at once? What information is there? All of them are like neurons. Yak mi rosumієmo, tse tse colder, and tse tse hot ... and tse m'yake chi prickly? For rejection of that transmission of cich signals in our mind, neurons are rendered. In the tsіy statty mi lecture reports about those, which is also a neuron, why should it be stored, how the classification of neurons and how to reduce the formulation.

Basic understanding about the function of neurons

First of all, inform about those functions of neurons, it is necessary to give information about which neuron and which one should be stored.

Look for three main groups of signs: morphological, functional and biochemical.

1. Morphological classification of neurons(For the peculiarities of Budovi). For a number of adolescents neurons are subdivided into unipolar(With one sprout), bipolar ( with two sprouts ) , pseudo-unipolar(hibno unipolar), multipolar(May three and more growths). (Mal. 8-2). Remaining in the nervous systems is the most.

Small. 8-2. Type of nerve cells.

1. Unipolar neuron.

2. Pseudo-unipolar neuron.

3. Bipolar neuron.

4. Multipolar neuron.

In the cytoplasm of neurons, neurofibrils are visible.

(For Yu. A. Afanasyev and in).

Pseudo-unipolar neurons call that, when they come out of the body, the axon and dendrites gradually latch one to one, opening the hostility of one adductor, and depriving them of the T-like to move away (before the neuron receptors) Unipolar neurons are susceptible to deprivation in embryogenesis. Bipolar neurons є bipolar cells of the eye, spinal and vestibular ganglia. Behind the form up to 80 variants of neurons are described: third parts, paramidal, pear-shaped, spindle-shaped, pavuko-like and in.

2. Functional(deeply as a result of the viconious function and mice in the reflex dus): receptor, effector, insert and secretory. Receptor(sensitive, afferent) neurons, behind the aid of dendrites, flow into the infusion of the external or internal middle, generate a nerve impulse and transmit it to the other types of neurons. The stench is perceived only in the spinal ganglia and sensitive nuclei of the cranial nerves. Effective(eferent) neurons, which transmit the stimulation to the robot organi The stench grows in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and autonomic nerve ganglia. Insert(associative) neurons grow between receptor and effector neurons; for a number of times the most, especially at the central nervous system. Secretory neurons(neurosecretory cells) - tse special neurons, for their function to figure out endocrine cells... The smell is synthesized and seen at the roof of neurohormones, rots in the hypothalamic brain. The stench regulates the activity of the hypophysis, and through the new and abundant peripheral endocrine vines.

3. Mediatorna(for the cheery nature of the mediator, you can see):

Holinergic neurons (mediator acetylcholine);

Aminergic (mediators - biogenic amin, for example, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine);

GABAergic (mediator - gammaaminobutyric acid);

Aminoacids (mediators - amino acids, such as glutamine, glutin, aspartate);

Peptidergic (mediators - peptides, for example, opioid peptides, substance P, cholecystokinin and in);

Purinergic (mediators - purine nucleotides, for example, adenin) and in.

Internal budova neurons

Core neuron izvychay large, rounded, with finely dispersed chromatin, 1-3 great nuclei. There is a high intensity of transcription processes in the nucleus of the neuron.

Klіtina obolonka the neuron is able to generate electricity to conduct electrical impulses. It is possible to reach the change in local penetration of the ionic channels for Na + and K +, the change in electrical potential and rapid changes in cytolemia (depolarization, nerve impulse).

In the cytoplasm of neurons, there is a good development of the organoid of the external sign. Mitochondria numerical and without high energy consumption of the neuron, linked to the significant activity of synthetic processes, to the nerve impulses, by the robot pump. The stench is characterized by shimmering effects and improvements (Figure 8-3). Golgi complex even more kindly apologies. Non-lipid organelles have been described and demonstrated in the course of cytology in neurons. When the microscopic light is observed, the wine appears at the eyes of the rings, threads, grains, and rots near the nucleus (dictosome). Numerical lizosomy to ensure that the cytoplasm of the neuron (autophagy) is constantly intensively depleted of the components involved in communication.

R
ic. 8-3. Ultrastructural organization of the neuron.

D. Dendriti. A. Axon.

1. The nucleus (the nucleus is shown by the arrow).

2. Mitochondria.

3. Golgi complex.

4. Chromatophilic substance (granular cytoplasmic fissures).

5. Lizosomi.

6. Axon hump.

7. Neurotubules, neurofilments.

(For V. L. Bikov).

For the normal functioning and improvement of neuron structures in them, there is a good degradation of the bio-synthesizing apparatus (Fig. 8-3). Granular cytoplasmic hem in the cytoplasm of neurons, the purchase is approved, as it is good to be filled with the main barvniks, and it is visible during the microscopic examination in the viglyadi gliboks chromatophilic speech(Basofilna, or Tigrov's speech, substance of Nissl). The term "substance of Nissl" was chosen in honor of the honored Franz Nissl, who described it for the first time. Gliboks of chromatophilic speech rosette in the pericarion of neurons and dendrites, ale nicolas do not develop in axons, the delocalization apparatus is weak (Fig. 8-3). With a trivial subdivision of a neuron, the purchase of granular cytoplasmic fissures falls on the periphery of the element, so that the knowledge of Nissl's substance ( chromatolysis, Tigroliz).

Cytoskeleton Neurons in the good of accusations, establishing a trivial boundary, are represented by neurofilaments (6-10 nm in size) and neurotubules (20-30 nm in diameter). Neurofilments and neurotubules are tied one with one transverse mists, when the stench is fixed, they stick together into bundles with a thickness of 0.5-0.3 microns, which are processed with salts of the medium. The stench is described by the name neurofibril. The stench is set up in the perikaryon of neurocytes, and the sprouts lie parallel (Fig. 8-2). The cytoskeleton adapts to the form of a clitin, and also provides transport functions - it takes care of the transport of rivers from the pericarion of the adrotsus (axonal transport).

Notice the cytoplasm of the neuron is represented by lynch dots, granules. lipofuscin- "Old Pigment" - a red-brown color of lipoprotein nature. Smell є surplus tiltsya (telolizomy) with products of non-etched neuron structures. Obviously, lipofuscin can accumulate in a young person, with intensive functioning of neurons. In addition, in the cytoplasm of neurons of the black substance and the blaky beaches of the stovbur to the brain melanin... The neurons of the brain start to switch on glycogen.

Neurons do not grow until the end, and for all intents and purposes, the number of steps will change as a result of natural decline. With degenerative ailments (ailments of Alzheimer's, Gentington's, parkinsonism), the intensity of apoptosis of growth and the number of neurons in the singer's nervous system changes dramatically.

The head component of the human brain is a neuron (the name is neuron). The same tsі klіtini fix the nerve tissue. Evidence of neurons in additional help dovkilla, see, think. With the help of an auxiliary signal, a signal is transmitted to the required telephone number. At the same time, I mark neuromediators. Knowing the budov of the neuron, its particularity, it is possible to see the essence of the problem of getting sick and the processes in the tissues of the brain.

In reflex arcs, neurons themselves are responsible for reflexes, regulating the functions of the body. It is important to know in organism the very type of cells, which are biassed in such different forms, sizes, functions, budovi, reactivity. We have a clear skin judgment, carried out by the first time. In nerve tissue, neurons and neuroglia are replaced. The function of the neuron is reported to be discernible.

The managers of their own budovi neuron are a unique cultine with a high specialization. It’s not out of place to carry out electrical impulses, but the generator. As a result of ontogenesis, neurons have lost the ability to reproduce. At the same time, in the organism є the type of neurons, the skin from which it has its own function is introduced.

Neuroni with an arched thin and with a hardened sensitive membrane. I call it neurolema. The nerve fibers, or rather the axons, are covered with a muscle. The muslin shell is stored from the main cells. The contact between two neurons is called a synapse.

Budova

The names of the neurons are even less private. They have є sprouts, a number of which can change from one to one without. Skin dilyanka vicon has its function. For the shape of the neuron, the zirku is nagadu; Yogo mold:

catfish (tilo);
dendrites and axons (growths).

Axon і dendrite є in a budovy neuron of an overgrown organism. The very stink of conducting bioelectric signals, without which one cannot see the processes of human beings.

See rіznі vidi neurons. Ї We can report on the type of neurons that have been sent to the group, and we will carry out a test of the types. Knowing you see neurons and functions, easy eyesight, like vashtovaya the brain and central nervous system.

The anatomy of neurons grows foldable. Skinny kind of my own specialness of budovi, power. They have memorized the entire space of the brain and the spinal cord. There are only a few species of people who are trapped in skin. The stench can be a brother to the fate of the processes. With a whole lot of people in the process of evolution, they spent their building until the end. The connection is very stable.

A neuron is a central end point, which is the supply of a bioelectric signal. The cells will be able to take care of absolutely all processes in the first place and may be of the highest importance for the body.

Neuroplasm, and most often one nucleus, take place at these nerve fibers. Adults specialize in singing functions. The stench is divided into two views - dendrites and axons. The name of the dendrites is tied with the shape of the sprouts. The stench is just like a tree, and it tastes a lot. Growth size - from small micrometers up to 1-1.5 m. Klitina with an axon without dendrites is developed only at the stage of the embryonic development.

The development of growths is a spry of teasing, how to come up, and conduct an impulse to the length of without the front of the neuron. The axon of the neuron brings in the direction of the nerve impulses. The neuron is less than one axon, but less than one axon. At the same time, there are a few nerve ends (two or more). Dendrite can be very rich.

Axon is constantly running around bulbs, like revenge enzymes, neurosecret, glucoproteins. Stink straight towards the center. The rate of shrinkage of the people from them is 1-3 mm for extra. Such a strum is called povilny. Yakshko shvidk_st ruch 5-10 mm for a year, a similar strum is brought to shvidny.

As the axon locks enter the neuron, then the dendrite is redrawn. The new ones have a lot of golochok, and the kintsev ones are very small. The average person has 5-15 dendrites. The smell of the sutta makes the surface of the nerve fibers grow. The very dendrites of neurons are easy to contact with the other nerve cells. Clitini with Bagatma dendrites are called multipolar. Oh, the brain is the best.

And the axis of the bipolar roztashovuyutsya in the network and apparatus of the internal vuh. They have only one axon and a dendrite.

There are few nerve cells, in which there are no growths. There are neurons present in the organism of the growth layer of people, as there is a minimum of one axon and dendrite. If the neuroblast of the embryo is deprived of it, there is only one sprout - an axon. Maybutny, for a change, such clients come again.

In neurons, such as in the bagatech cells, the presence of organelles. Price of post-storage warehouses, without any stench of unsuitable іsnuvati. Organelles are rostasovani glyboko vseredin clitin, in cytoplasm.

Neuron may have a large round nucleus, in which decondensation of chromatin takes place. At the dermal nucleus є 1-2, fill up the great nuclei. The nuclei most often have a diploid set of chromosomes. The management of the nucleus is to regulate the unprecedented synthesis of bilks. Nerve cells synthesize a lot of RNA and protein.

Neuroplasm to avenge the structure of internal metabolism. There are abundant mitochondria, ribosomes, є Golgi complex. It is also the substance of Nissl, which synthesizes the blocks of nerve cells. The substance is given to be located near the nucleus, as well as on the periphery of the dendrites. Without these components, it will not be possible to transmit or receive a bioelectric signal.

In the cytoplasm of nerve fibers є elements support and arm systems... The stench will grow in til and in growths. Neuroplasma is constantly developing a library warehouse. Vona is being replaced by two mechanisms - one that is shy.

The gradual improvement of the cells in neurons can be seen as a modification of the internal regeneration. The population of theirs does not change, they do not dwell.

The form

In neurons, there can be different forms of the body: spindle-shaped, spindle-shaped, culyasti, in the form of pear, pyramid, etc. The stinks are stored in the brain and spinal cord:

zіrchastі - tse motor neurons of the spinal cord;
kulyasti voruyuyut sensitive cells of spinal universities;
pіramіdni store the cerebral cortex;
pear-shaped stitches on the tissue of the corns;
spindle-like enter to the warehouse of measles tissue.

Inspirational Classification. Wonder the neurons for the number of growths:

unipolar (there is only one growth);
bipolar (є pair of sprouts);
multipolar (adroit).

There are no unipolar structures of dendrites, dendrites develop in older adults, and the development of the embryo is slowed down. In older adults, there are pseudo-unipolar cells, which have one axon. It is distributed in two sprouts at the point of entry from the cell.

Bipolar neurons have one dendrite and one axon. You can know from the eyes of the eyes. The stench transmits an impulse from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. The very cells of the ganglion establish a healthy nerve.

A large part of the nervous system is composed of neurons with a multipolar structure. The stench may be rich in dendrites.

Rosemary

Different types of neurons can be seen in different sizes (5-120 microns). Є even short, but simply gigant. Average size - 10-30 microns. Most of them - motoneurons (stench є in the spinal cord) and pyramidi Betz (cich giants can be found in great brainworms). Changes in the types of neurons are transferred to the ruddy ones. The smell is so great that you are guilty of taking even more axons from the nerve fibers.

Wonderfully, ale okremі motoneurons, roztashovanі in the spinal cord, may be close to 10 yew. synapses. Buvak, when you get one sprout of syagaє 1-1.5 m-code.

Classification by function

There is also a classification of neurons, as in the form of functions. They see neurons:

sensitive;
insert;
ruhovi.

Instruct the managers to "ruin" the clitins to keep their mouths up and down. The stench overpowers the impulses from the center to the periphery. And the axis along the sensitive cells, the signal is directed to the periphery without being in the middle to the center.

Otzhe, neurons are classified for:

form;
functions;
the number of growths.

Neuron can be found in the brain, and in the spinal cord. The stench is also present in the eyes. Dani klіtini vіkonuyut at once a functionally smelt, stench will get rid of:

sprinkle dovkilja;
subdivision of the internal middle.

Neurons take part in the process of stimulating and galvanizing the brain. Otrimanі signals are sent to the central nervous system to start robots of sensitive neurons. Here the impulse is overloaded and transmitted through the fiber to the required area. Yogo analysis of the boneless intercalated neurons of the brain and the spinal cord. I will give the robot a viscous ruddy neuron.

Neuroglya

Neurons are unsuccessful to continue, which has become firmly established, but the nerves of the clit are not replicated. Itself that їkh go to protect with a special retelnіstu. The main function of the nanny is to cope with neuroglia. Vona is located between nerve fibers.

All other cells release neurons one way and one thing, fix them in their own mind. Smell a list of functions. The managers of neurogly acquire a permanent system of establishing links, neglect the growth, harvesting and renewal of neurons, seemingly around the mediator, phagocytosis genetically foreigner.

Last update: 09/29/2013

Neurons are the main elements of the nervous system. And what about the neuron itself? Would you like to store what items?

- Tse structural and functional units of the brain; specialization of cells, how to display the function of processing information, how to come to the brain. Smells say for the rejection of information and transmission of the whole thing. The skin element of the neuron is seen in the whole process.

- Tree-like extension on the cob of neurons, which serve to increase the area of the surface of cells. Many neurons have a large number of neurons (they are protesting, and some have only one dendrite). We receive information from the neurons and transmit the pulses to the cell of the neuron (some). The moment the contact of the nerve cells, which is transmitted by the impulses - the cheeky electric way - is called.

Dendritic characteristics:

Most neurons may have a lot of dendrites
Tim is not the least, deyaki neurons can only dendrite.
Short and very short
Take part in the transmission of information from Tilo Klitini

Somius, for the size of a neuron, we call it a place, and signals from the dendrites to accumulate and transmit the distance. Catfish and nucleus do not play an active role in the transmission of nerve signals. It’s better to educate us to serve better education of the life of the nervous clergy and the preservation of the quality of service. The aim is to serve the mitochondria, which will prevent the cells of the energy, and the Golgi apparatus, which will bring the products of the life of the cells behind the membrane of the cells.

- Dilyanka catfish, from where the axon enters, - control of the transmission of impulses by the neuron. The very same, if the zagalny signal signal passes through the borderline value of the pagorba, the impulse (vidomium, yak) dangles behind the axon, to the inner nerve cell.

- the process of boosting the neuron outgrowth, which is due to the transmission of a signal from one cell to the other. As soon as the axon is larger, then the information is transmitted more quickly. Deyakі axoni pokritі with special speech (mієlіnom), like a vistupaє like an insulator. Axoni, in the midst of a muslin shell, should be able to convey information to the nagato shvidshe.

Axon characteristics: