Nimechchina is a chemical element with atomic number 32 in the periodic system, which is denoted by the symbol Ge (nim. Germanium).
History of the Nimechchini's message
Іsnuvannya element ekasilits_ya - analogue of silicon transferred to D.I. Mendelєєvim shche 1871 r. A 1886 p. one of the professors of the Freiberz State University of Economics in the form of a new mineral of the world - argyrodite. Tsei mineral buv transmissions to the professor of technical chemistry Clemens Winkler for a complete analysis.
They didn’t make a big mistake: 48-year-old Winclair became the best analyst of the academy.
To deliver shvidko wine z'yasuvav, which is 74.72% in mineral, sirki - 17.13, mercury - 0.31, salt oxide - 0.66, zinc oxide - 0.22%. In the first place, 7% of the vagi of the new mineral fell on a piece of something that was not noisy, which was better for everything that was never seen before. The Winclair has seen the non-domineering component of the argyrodct, which is able to instill power and intelligence, and, in truth, know a new element - the transmission of Mendeleev's ekasplitiy. This is, in short, the history of the element with atomic number 32.
Prote wrong bulo b think, winkler's robot went smoothly, without a knot, without bullying. The axis of writing to the Mendels' drive in addition to the eighth part of the "Fundamentals of Chemistry": "I made (luti 1886) marriage to the material, the visibility of the spectrum in the half of the fighter and the recognition of the bagateh with the help of Germany" "Visibility of the spectrum in half". Yak is it? Aje 1886 b. having already introduced the method of spectral analysis; With the help of the Earth method, it is already bulo vedkrito rubidiy, cesiy, taliy, indiy, ale in Sontsi - heliy. We all knew for a fact that the skin chemical element of power has an absolutely individual spectrum, and the rapidity of the spectrum!
Explanation of winiklo piznishe. The characteristics of the spectral line in germanium є are from the ginseng hwil 2651.18, 3039.06 and the same spike. If all the stench lies at the invisible ultraviolet part of the spectrum, and it is possible to respect, luckily, Winclair's trickiness to the traditional methods of analysis - the stench itself led to success.
Freezing the Winclair way of seeing Germany is similar to one of the ninth industrial methods of removing element # 32. A collection of germanium, which took place in argorod, was translated into two oxides, and then the powder was heated to 600 ... 700 ° C in an atmosphere of water. The reaction is obvious: GeO2 + 2H2 → Ge + 2H2O.
So it was for the first time that pure germanium was rinsed out. Winclair with a collection of mav namir named a new element of neptune in honor of the planet Neptune. (Yak і element number 32, the planet was transferred earlier, lower than the criterion). A little later, it was also previously assigned to one highly sensitive element, and, without compromising his vision, Winclair saw himself in the first place. Without accepting the proposition, name the new element angular, tobto. "Kutastim, wikliko super-streams" (and the super-tse vіdkrittya pravda wiklikalo chimalo). Shchepravda, French chemistry District, like hanging out with such an idea, saying, in a nutshell, that the boolean proposition is not more than a little bit hot. Winclair naming the new element germanium in honor of his land, and the name was confirmed.
Knowledge of Germany by natureIt means that in the process of the geochemical evolution of earthly measles, the imaging of significant quantities of Germany from a large part of the surface of the land in the ocean, in this hour, there is a small amount of this microelement in the world.
Zagalny vmіst germany in the earth's crust 7 × 10 −4% by weight, that is, more, less, for example, surmi, sredbla, bismuth. Something like a small change in the earth's crust and geochemical dispute with wide expansion of elements has been interconnected with health until the approval of the power mines, which are distributed among the migrants. The fact that the power of Germany is minuscule is even worse. More than all smelt є sulfosalts: germanite Cu 2 (Cu, Fe, Ge, Zn) 2 (S, As) 4 (6 - 10% Ge), argyrodite Ag 8 GeS 6 (3.6 - 7% Ge), confildite Ag 8 (Sn, Ge) S 6 (up to 2% Ge) ta in. The main mass of germany rossiyana in the earth's crust among the great number of girly breeds and mines. So, for example, in some sphalerites, instead of Germany, reach kilograms per ton, in enargites up to 5 kg / t, in pyrargyrites up to 10 kg / t, in sulvanites and frankies 1 kg / t, in hundreds of sulfides and dozens of taps - t. Nimechchina is concentrated in the genera of bagatokh metals - in sulfide ores of colore metals, in hard ores, in some oxide minerals (chromite, magnetite, rutile and in.), in granites, diabases and basalts. Besides, there is a German presence in all silikats, in the family of Kam'yanov and naphtha.
Otrimannya NimechchinaNimechchin is distilled mainly from by-products of the processing of colore metal ores (zinc blende, zinc-copper-lead polymetal concentrates), and then 0.001-0.1% of Nimechchin is distilled. Yak sirovin vikoristovuyut also ashes from the burning of the vugilla, drank gas generators and from the coke plants. With a selection of different dzherel in a growing way, lay in the warehouse of the syrovin, collect the germanium concentrate (2-10% Nimechchin). Viluchennya Nimechchina with concentrate grows up, including the beginning stages:
1) chlorination of the concentrate with hydrochloric acid, mixed with chlorine in the water environment or with other chlorinated agents with the removal of technical GeCl 4. For the purification of GeCl 4, rectify and extract the houses of concentrated HCl.
2) Hydrolysis of GeCl 4 and roasting the products in hydrolysis until removal of GeO 2.
3) We introduce GeO 2 with ammonia to metal. In order to see even more pure Nimechchini, to be victorious in napivate attachments, a metal smelting zone is carried out. It is necessary for the provincial industry of monocrystalline Nimechchin to be dispensed with a zone fusion, or by the Chokhralskiy method.
GeO 2 + 4H 2 = Ge + 2H 2 O
Nemechchin of provincial purity with a small house of 10 -3 -10 -4% possess zone fusion, crystallization or thermolysis of the volatile monogermane GeH 4:
GeH 4 = Ge + 2H 2
how to establish itself with the decomposition of acids with half of active metals from Ge - germanid:
Mg 2 Ge + 4HCl = GeH 4 - + 2MgCl 2
Nymechchina grows near the house to polymetal, nickel, tungsten ores, as well as silikats. As a result of the folding and laborious operations of ore recovery and concentration of germanium, GeO 2 oxide is seen in viglyad, which can be used in water at 600 ° C until it becomes simple:
GeO 2 + 2H 2 = Ge + 2H 2 O.
Purification and viroshuvannya of single crystals of germanium is carried out by the method of zone melting.
Pure germanium dvox for the first time in the SRCP bulo otrimano on the cob 1941 р. They shattered the German slope with a very high efficiency of breaking the light. Previous item number 32 and the way you can reject it was renewed, 1947 p. Now germaniy tsіkaviv todіnkіh pupils іkе yak nоvіvprovіdnik.
Physical power Nimechchinaper the newest vigle germanium is not very good to splutter from flint.
Nimachine crystallizes in a cubic structure like diamond, the parameter of the elementary average is a = 5, 6575 Å.
Cei element is not that kind of metal, like titanium or tungsten. The alkalinity of solid Nimechchin is 5.327 g / cm 3 (25 ° C); small 5.557 (1000 ° C); t pl 937.5 ° C; t bale is close to 2700 ° C; thermal conductivity coefficient ~ 60 W / (m · K), or 0.14 cal / (cm · sec · deg) at 25 ° С.
Nemechchina may be so tendency, as a matter of fact, and can be reasonably susceptible. Navigate for normal temperatures, ale 550 ° C to allow plastic deformation. the hardness of Nimechchin on a minerological scale of 6-6.5; coefficient of stiffness (in the interval of vice 0-120 Gn / m 2 or 0-12000 kgf / mm 2) 1.4 · 10 -7 m 2 / mn (1.4 · 10 -6 cm 2 / kgf); surface tension 0.6 N / m (600 dynes / cm). Nimechchina - a typical conductor with a width of the fence zone of 1.104 · 10 -19 j or 0.69 ev (25 ° С); pet elektroopir Nimechchina of high purity 0.60 ohm · m (60 ohm · cm) at 25 ° С; the looseness of the electrons 3900 and the looseness of the drocks 1900 cm 2 / sec (25 ° С) (with the amount of houses less than 10 -8%).
The efforts of the "non-private" modification of crystalline germanium to reverse Ge-I and electrical conduction. The mystery itself about the power is not a vague one: the value of the electrical conductivity (or the value is turned around - the pet opir) for the element-guide is especially important.
Cheerful authorities NimechchinaIn the chemistry of the country, germanium is born with a valence of 4 or 2. With a valence of 4, it is stable. For normal minds, it’s good to drink that water, water and acids, and it’s possible to break up water peroxide from the king’s city’s mind. Zastosuvannya know the alloy of germanium and skla on the basis of germanium dioxide.
Have cheery spoluky Nimechchina evolved into valences of 2 and 4, moreover, more stable half of the 4-valent Nimechchin. At room temperature, it’s not easy to break up in water and water peroxide, but it’s not easy to break up in royal water and water. Nitric acid oxidizes frequently. When heated to 500-700 ° C, the mineral is oxidized to GeO and GeO 2 oxides. Oxide of Nimechchin (IV) - bilium powder with t pl 1116 ° C; water dispersion 4.3 g / l (20 ° С). For the chemical powers, amphoteric, grow in meadows and importantly in mineral acids. Go through the frying of a hydrated siege (GeO 3 · nH 2 O), which can be seen during hydrolysis of GeCl 4 tetrachloride. Alloys of GeO 2 with other oxides can be removed from the lost germanic acid - germanate metals (Li 2 GeO 3 Na 2 GeO 3 and інші) - solid speech with high melting temperatures.
When Nimechchin interacts with halogens, some tetrahalogenide is established. The smallest reaction is with fluorine and chlorine (even at room temperature), with bromine (weak heating) and with iodine (at 700-800 ° C in the presence of CO). One of the most important spoluks of Nimechchina is tetrachloride GeCl 4 - barrenless; t pl -49.5 ° C; bale t 83.1 ° C; gustina 1.84 g / cm 3 (20 ° C). Water strongly hydrates due to the appearance of a siege of hydrated oxide (IV). To go to the chlorinated metal Nimechchin or in the interaction of GeO 2 with concentrated HCl. In addition to the dihalogenide of Nimechchine of the original formula GeX 2, GeCl monochloride, hexachlorodigermane Ge 2 Cl 6 and hydroxychloride of Nimechine (for example, CeOCl 2).
Сірка energіyno vzaєmodі with Nimechchinoyu at 900-1000 ° C, according to the disulfide GeS 2 - bіloi solid speech, tm 825 ° C. Monosulfide GeS and analogous spheres of Nimechchin with selenium and telur are also described, which are known as guides. Water reacts insignificantly with Nimechchinoy at 1000-1100 ° C according to the approval of germin (GeH) X - a low and easily volatile environment. In the case of germanic acid dilutions with diluted hydrochloric acid, hydrogen germanic acid can be removed from the series Ge n H 2n + 2 up to Ge 9 H 20. Vidomy also germilen warehouse GeH 2. Nimechchina does not react with nitrogen without any middle ground, protects nitride Ge 3 N 4, which can go to Nimechchina at 700-800 ° C in case of ammonia. Nimechchin is not in a relationship with the coal. Nimechchina will set it up with half-shells with metals - germanidi.
Due to the numerical complex spoluks of Nimechchin, analytical chemistry Nimechchina, and in the processes of yogo rejection. Nіmechchina set up complex spoluks with organic hydroxyl molecules (high-alkaline alcohols, high-base acids, and others). Otrimano heteropoly acid Nimechchin. So itself, as for some of the elements of the IV group, for Nimechchin it is characteristic to establish metal-organic spoluks, the butt of which is tetraethylgerman (C2H5) 4Ge3.
Spoluca bivalent germanium.Hydride Nimechchina (II) GeH 2. Biliy unstable powder (on occasion, sour wine is laid out with a vibuch). React with meadows and bromine.
Polymer monohydride germanium (II) (polygermin) (GeH 2) n. Brownish-black powder. It is rotten to go out in the water, to go to bed and vibrate when heated to 160 about C in a vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas. To establish itself in the process of electrolysis of sodium germanide NaGe.
Germanium (II) oxide GeO. Black crystals, which may be the main power. Expand at 500 ° C GeO 2 і Ge. It is more likely to oxidize in water. There is little difference in hydrochloric acid. Viyavlya vіdnovlyuvalnі power. Reward 2 for metallic germanium, heating up to 700-900 about C, lugs - for germanium (II) chloride, roasted Ge (ON) 2 or renewed GeO 2.
Germanium (II) hydroxide Ge (OH) 2. Chervono-zhovtogaryachi crystals. When heated, convert to GeO. Viyavlya has an amphoteric character. Get rid of germanium (II) salts by means of meadows and hydrolysis of germanium (II) salts.
Germanium (II) fluoride GeF2. Barless hygroscopic crystals, t pl = 111 ° C. Retrieve two GeF 4 steam for metallic germanium when heated.
Germanium (II) chloride GeCl2. Barnless crystals. t pl = 76.4 ° C, t cip = 450 ° C. At 460 ° C, it decomposes on GeCl 4 and metallic germanium. Hydrolysis by water, little difference in alcohol. Dispense with two vapors of GeCl 4 metallic germanium when heated.
Germanium (II) bromide GeBr 2. See through the hollow parts of the crystal. t pl = 122 ° C. Hydrolysis by water. There is little difference in benzene. Differentiate from alcohol, acetone. Reconstitute with germanium (II) hydroxide from bromoacid. When heated, disproportionate metalleium germanium and bromide germanium (IV).
Iodide germanium (II) GeI 2. Zhovti hexagonal plates, diamagnet. t pl = 460 about C. There is little difference in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. When heated, the food is 210 ° C, it is deposited on metallic germanium and tetraiodide germanium. Accept the renewed germanium (II) iodide with hypophosphoric acid or the thermal distribution of germanium tetraiodide.
Nimechchin sulfide (II) GeS. Otrimaniy dry way - siruvato-black blisky diamond opaque crystals. t pl = 615 ° C, door thickness 4.01 g / cm 3. There are few differences in water in America. Differentiate into hydroxide calories. Otrimany with a wet road - a red-brown amorphous siege, a density of 3.31 g / cm3. Differentiate in mineral acids and ammonium polysulfide. Recover the heat from germany from the water or let the water pass through the solution of the salt to germanium (II).
Z'єdnannya chatirivalent german_.Hydride Nimechchina (IV) GeH 4. Barless gas (bulk density 3.43 g / cm 3). Otruyny, even smells bad, boil at -88 C, melt close to -166 C, dissociation is thermally 280 C. Passing Gen 4 through a heated tube, distill a blisky mirror of metal germanium on її stinks. Dissolve LiAlH 4 for germanium (IV) chloride in ethereal or roughly break down germanium (IV) chloride with zinc and sirchanic acid.
Germanium (IV) oxide GeO2. In the case of two crystalline modifications (hexagonal width of the door is 4.703 g / cm 3 and the tetrahedral density of the door is 6.24 g / cm 3). Offended by the stigmas on the occasion. It is not enough to stand by the water. t pl \ u003d 1116 about З, t кіп = 1200 about З. Viyavlya has an amphoteric character. Change aluminum, magnesium, carbon to metal germanium before the hour of heating. Recognize by synthesis from elements, roasting germanium salts with volatile acids, oxidized sulfides, hydrolysis of tetrahalogenides in germanium, abrasive germanium with acids, metal germanium with concentrated hydroxylic acids.
Germanium (IV) fluoride GeF 4. Barv-free gas, which can be dimmed at every turn. t pl = -15 about C, t cip = -37 ° C. Hydrolysis by water. Obtain the distribution of the tetrafluoro-germanate with a bar.
Germanium (IV) chloride GeCl 4. Bezbarvna ridina. t pl = -50 pro, t bale = 86 pro, door size 1,874 g / cm 3. Hydrolizes with water, differs from alcohol, ether, carbonate, carbon tetrachloride. Recover the heating of germanium with chlorine and passing the chlorine water through a suspension of germanium (IV) oxide.
Germanium (IV) bromide GeBr 4. Octahedral barless crystals. t pl = 26 pro W, t bale = 187 pro, wall thickness 3.13 g / cm 3. Hydrolysis by water. Differentiate in benzene, carbonate. Observe the passing of a bet of bromine over heating the metal germanium, or even hydrobromic acid on germanium (IV) oxide.
Germanium (IV) iodide GeI 4. Zhovto-zhovtogaryachi octaedric crystals, t pl = 146 pro W, t bale = 377 pro, density 4.32 g / cm 3. At 445 it should be folded. Differentiate in benzene, carbonate and hydrolysis in water. At every turn, put on germanium (II) iodide and iodine. Come amiak. Observe the passing of a bet of iodine over heating germanium, or even hydroiodic acid for germanium (IV) oxide.
Nimechchin sulfide (IV) GeS 2. Bilium crystalline powder, t pl = 800 about 3,03 g / cm 3. There is little difference in the water and it is often in new hydrolysis. It is found in ammonium sulfides, ammonium sulfides and in sulfides of foreign metals. Recover the heating of germanium (IV) oxide from the sterile hydroxide from the water or to the water being passed through the germanium (IV) salt.
Germanium (IV) sulfate Ge (SO 4) 2. Barn-free crystals, densely porous 3.92 g / cm 3. It opens up at 200 ° C. It can be used as a sulphide type. Reacting with water and with the boundaries of meadows. Recover the heating with germanium (IV) chloride and sulfur (VI) oxide.
Izotopi NimechchinaNature has five isotopes: 70 Ge (20.55% wt.), 72Ge (27.37%), 73Ge (7.67), 74Ge (36.74%), 76Ge (7.67%)) ... The first choice of stable, p'yats (76 Ge) shows a sub-beta drop with a period of 1.58 10 21 rocky. Krym ts'go, there are two "pretty much alive" piece: 68 Ge (an hour before the fall of 270.8 days) and 71 Ge (an hour before the fall of 11.26 days).
Zasosuvannya Nіmechchini
Nimechchin stays in the office of optics. Prosperity establishments in the infrared optical spectrum of high purity metallium germanium are of strategic importance among optical elements of optical optics. In radiotechnics, german transistors and detectors, there are characteristics, which are seen from silicon, which are very sensitive to the pressure of the pn junction in germany - 0.4V versus 0.6V for silicon attachments.
Report div. the statute of storing germany.
Biological role of NimechchinNimechchin is revealed in creatures and tall organisms. Germany does not get anything physiological on the dewline, aletoxic in great quantities. Nickel is non-toxic for flower fungi.
For creatures german_y is low-toxic. Do not have a pharmacological effect in Germany. Allowable concentration of germanium and oxide in powder is 2 mg / m³, which is the same as for asbestos saw.
The preparation of bivalent germanium is highly toxic.
In the experiments, which started the growth of organic germanium in the body after 1.5 years after the oral administration, the following results were discarded: a large number of organic germanium was introduced into the drain, the small intestine, the cystic marrow. Moreover, the high yogo vm_st near the slunk and the intestines show that the process of getting wet into the roof is prolonged.
The high vist of organic germanium in the blood allowed Professor Asaia to see the theory of the mechanism of yogo development in the body of people. It is transferred, as in the blood, organic germanium behaves similarly to hemoglobin, but also carries a negative charge in it and, similarly, to the hemoglobin takes the fate of the process of transferring sourness in the tissues to the organism. Tim himself will try to develop the development of sour deficiency (hypoxia) on the fabric. Organic germanium for the development of the so-called bloody hypoxia, that in the case of a decrease in hemoglobin levels, for a healthy increase in blood acid (changes in sour blood), it grows out, to get rid of Naybilsh sensitive to the sour lack of the central nervous system, heart, tissue nirok, liver.
As a result of preliminaries, the broth has also been established that organic germanium spirits and gamma interferons induce the processes of multiplication of cells, so that they can quickly spread, activate specific cells (T-cells). The main strains of interferon activity on the level of organism are anti-viral and anti-mucous tissue, immunomodulatory and radioactive functions of the lymphatic system.
In the process of the development of pathological tissues and tissues with the primary signs of illness, the bulo is established, but the stench is usually characterized by a shortage of acidity and the presence of positively charged radicals in water H +. Ioni N + nadayut in the edge of the negative inflow into the cells of the organisms of the people, right up to the dying. They are sour, they will be able to build up with them, they allow vibrating and locally to compensate for the need for each tissue and tissue, which can be applied to them. The idea of germanium on it is encumbered with its organic form - the form of sesquioxide. Before the hour of preparation of the statty vicoristano materials O.M. Suponenko
NIMECHCHINI, Ge (form Latin Germania - Nimechchina * A. germanium; N. Germanium; F. germanium; I. germanio), - a chemical element of the IV group of Mendelev's periodic system, atomic number 32, atomic mass 72.59. Natural germanium is stored in 4 stable isotopes 70 Ge (20.55%), 72 Ge (27.37%), 73 Ge (7.67%), 74 Ge (36.74%) and one radioactive 76 Ge (7, 67%) over a period of 2.10 6 years. Inspection in 1886 by the famous chemist K. Winclair in mineral argyrodity; bv transfer in 1871 D.N.
Nimechchin by nature
Nimechchin shall be rendered before. Expansion of germanium (1-2) .10 -4%. Yak house is built in minerals with silicon, small world in minerals. Vlasni minerals to germany are even more common: sulfosalts - argyrodite, germanite, renyurite and deyaki іnshi; sub-hydration germanium oxide and zaliza - shtottite; sulfate - itoite, fleischerite and deyaki in. It is practically impossible to smell the stench of the promiscuous value. Nemechchin accumulates in hydrothermal and sedimentary processes, de realizing the possibility of getting rid of it from silicon. In small quantities (0.001-0.1%), it appears in, i. Dzherelami germaniyu є polymetal ores, vicopni vugilla and deyaki types of volcanogenic-sedimentary genera. The main part of germanium is obtained along the way from the coking water, from the sol of the energetic vugilla, the sphalerite and magnetite. Nimechchin is vicious with acidic, sublimation in the midst of water, fused with sodium hydroxide and in. The concentration of germanium is cured with hydrochloric acid when heated, the condensate is purified and fed to a hydrochloric solution with the approved dioxides; Remaining water is changed to metallic germanium, which is purified by methods of fractional and direct crystallization, zone melting.
Zasosuvannya Nіmechchini
Nemechchin stasis in radioelectronic and electrical engineering as a material for the production of diodes and transistors. In Germany, they are preparing lenses for infrared optics, photodiodes, photoresistors, dosimetry of nuclear viprominuvans, analyzers of X-ray spectroscopy, converting the energy of radioactive fallout into electric power, etc. Alloy germanium with good metals, so that it grows with a slight stiffness to sour aggressive middle-class, vicoristy at the adjoining, machine-building and metallurgy. Deyakі fusion germanіu to rest with іnіshіkh chemіchnіy elements - the guards.
The chemical element germanium is located in the fourth group (subgroup of the head) in the table of elements of Mendelev. It is considered to be a family of metals, which can be attributed to the atomic mass 73. Behind the mass instead of Germany in the earth's crust, an indicator of 0.00007 per mass is estimated.
History of display
Chemistry element germanium bulo was established according to the forecasts of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendelev. It’s the very same thing that has been transferred, and I’ll give a recommendation for the next joke.
Having added, the metal element is found in titanium, zirconium ores. Mendeleev, having self-consciously found out the chemistry element, did not succeed. After fifteen rockets at the mine, roztashovany at Himmelfyursti, there was a mineral, which I named argyrodite. The name of the plant for the cultivation of goiters is associated with the name that appears in the whole mineral.
Chemistry element germanium at the warehouse saw only the moment that a group of chemists from the Freiberg Grinch Academy started before the day. Because of K. Winclair’s kernel, the stench was smelled, but a part of zinc oxide, zaliza, and navit on gray, the mercury fell down only 93% of the mineral. Winclair, letting it go, has a pretty awkward element at that hour. German vyavili vyavili to carry out additional chemical experiments. About his opinion of chemistry, having given additional information, given information, about the power of a new element, the Nimetsky chemistry suspension.
A cool element of the German Buv performances Winclair yak nonmetal, by analogy with surmois and mish'yak. Hіmіk wanted to name yo neptunem, Ale tsya was named as vikoristovuvalas. Todi yogo felt nazivati Nimechchinoya. A cheesy element, Vіdkritiy Winclair, winks in a serious discussion between the provincial chemists of that hour. Richter's Nimetskiy teaching, letting it go, that same economy, about which Mendeleev spoke. A day later, the boiling was confirmed, which brought the life of the periodical law, established by the great Russian chemistry.
Physical power
How can you characterize Nimechchini? Chemistry element has 32 ordinal number in Mendeleva. Danium metal melts at 937.4 ° C. The temperature of the boiling point of the river should be 2700 ° C.
Nimechchina is an element that was first thought to be used for medical purposes in Japan. For the number of Germanic organisms, which are carried out on creatures, as well as for walking in public, into the distance positive injection such ores are alive with organisms. In 1967, Professor K. Asai was able to see the majestic spectrum of organic germanium in the background.
Biological activity
What is the characteristic of the chemical element germanium? Win zdatny transfer kissen on all tissues of a living organism. Drinking in the shelter, guided by the analogy with hemoglobin. Nemechchina is a guarantor of the povnotsinne function of all systems to the organisms of the people.
Male metal is a stimulant for clitin immunity breeding. The wine in the eyes of organic spoluks allows the formulation of gamma-interferon, which will induce the growth of microbes.
Nimechchina pereshkojaє approved evil chickens, which does not allow metastases to develop. Organizational parts of this chemical element receive interferon, a protein molecule, which is violated by organism, as a result of a reaction to the appearance of a third party.
Zasosuvannya areas
Protigribkova, antibacterial, opposed to the power of Germany, became the basis of the spheres of its zasosuvannya. From Nimechchina, the element was rejected as a by-product of the processing of color ores. By different methods, like lying in the warehouse of the species, we saw germanium concentrate. At the yogh warehouse there is more than 10 pieces of metal.
How does the most of the providnikovy modern technology stagnate germanium? The characteristic of the element, given earlier, confirms the possibility of a test device for wireless devices, diodes, power devices, crystal detectors. Also, germanium is victorious in case of adjustment of dosimetric attachments, annexes, as it is necessary to change the tension of a permanent and variable magnetic field.
Quite a lot of the sphere of storage of a given metal is to be used in the preparation of detectors in an infrared vippromise.
We are promising є vikorystannya yak himself Germany, and th deyakyh yogo spoluk.
Cheerful authorities
At room temperature, at room temperature, reach the stike up to the inflow of vologi, sour food.
In a number - germanium - tin) to promote the improvement of the new building.
Nemechchina stiyka before the infusion of solutions of hydrochloric and hydrochloric acids, wine does not enter into interaction with the differences in meadows. At the same time, the metal can be consumed quickly in tsar's hydrochloric acid (seven nitric and hydrochloric acids), as well as in water-based peroxide.
Yak nadati I'll give you a description of a chemical element? It is necessary to analyze this alloy, and not only for physical, cheeky authorities, and the th spheres are stashed. The process of oxidation by germanium with nitric acid is processed by weight.
Knowledge by nature
I will try to give a description of the chemical element. Nimechchin in nature has been deprived of yak spoluk. Among the most widespread in nature germanium-containing minerals are visible germanite and argyrodite. In addition, germanium is present in zinc sulfides and silikates, and in a small amount of wine in different types kam'yanogo vugil.
Skoda for health
Yake infused into the body of german? Chemistry element, electronic formula of yakogo viglyad 1e; 8 e; 18 e; 7f, maybe negatively injected on human organism. For example, when sealed with germanium concentrate, supplemented, as well as sealed with a given metal dioxide, it can be professional malady. Yak іnshі dzherela, yakі make Shkodi healthy, you can see the process of melting the powder of germanium into bars, rejecting the foul gas.
The adsorption of germanium can be achieved quickly and effectively from the body, especially from the section. There is a lack of detailed information about the fact that some toxic inorganic spheres are found in Germany.
Dratіvlivu dіyu on shkіra maє germanium tetrachloride. In clinics, as well as in case of trivial oral intake of cumulative doses, they received 16 g of spirogermania (an organic anti-inflammatory drug), as well as those of those germany active spoluk, which was neurotoxic and neurotoxic.
Additional monitoring is not very typical for industrial enterprises. These experiments, which were carried out on creatures, were straightened to the vivchennya dii germania and yo spoluk on living organism. In addition, in the distance, there is a loss of health at inhalation of the sutta volume of saw metal germanium, as well as of this dioxide.
Vchenі viyavili in the legends of serioznі morphological changes, such as analogous proliferative processes. For example, the sutta reveals the sutta of the alveolar ridge, as well as the hyperplasia of the lymphatic vessel near the bronchus, the exacerbation of the blood-bearing vessel.
Dioxide germanium cannot be repaired in different ways on the skin, even without a mediocre contact of the chain with the shell of the eye to produce germanic acid, but with a serious teaser of the eyes. With trivial internal diaries, it was revealed seryoznі zmіni in peripheral blood.
Important facts
Naybіlsh shkіdlivnymi spoluks germanium є chloride and hydride germanium. Ostannya speech provokuє seriozne otrunnya In addition to the morphological condition of the organisms of the creatures, which were lost during the hospital phase, they showed a breakdown in the circulatory system, as well as clinical modifications in the parenchymal organs. Vcheni went visnovka, which is a gidrid є with a rich gut, yak a hostile nervous system, bringing the peripheral blood circulation system
Nimechchin tetrachloride
Win is a strong follower of the dichotomous system, eyes, shkiri. At a concentration of 13 mg / m 3, the wine is generally accepted on a classic level, the Legeny is seen. With an increase in the concentration of the speech community, one is more likely to become more teasing of the upper dichal nobles, the sutta changes to the rhythm and frequency of the dichotomy.
Otruunnya tsієyu speech to produce catarrhal-desquamative bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia.
Otrimannya
So, as in the nature of German conceptions, like a house to nickel, polymetal, tungsten ores, to see pure metal in industry, to carry out a series of laborious processes, related to ore recovery. They see a lot of germanium oxide, then carry out the renewal with water when the temperature is adjusted to the removal of simple metal:
GeO2 + 2H2 = Ge + 2H2O.
Electronic power and isotopes
Nimechchini vvazhayut an indirect typical guide. The size of the electrical statistical penetration is 16, and the value of the dispute to the electronic is 4eV.
At thin plavtsi legovanim galієm you can get Nimechchin stan overprovidnosti.
Nature has five isotopes of metal. They are stable є chotiri, and the concepts are susceptible to a sub-level drop in beta, the period on the other to become 1.58 × 10 21 rockets.
Visnovok
There are no organic parts of the metal given to it to stagnate in the industrial galuzia. The transparency in the infrared spectral region of metal germanium of high purity is important for the preparation of optical elements of the infrared optics: prisms, lenses, optical signals of modern sensors. The most popular areas for Germany are using the optics of thermal cameras, which function in the range of levels from 8 to 14 microns.
Additional attachments are used for advanced technologies for infrared guidance systems, non-standard heating systems, passive heating systems, anti-fire systems. Also, german_y is a high indicator of breakage, which is necessary for anti-dazzle coverage.
In radiotechnics transistors with urahuvannyam germanium may have characteristics, as for the most indicators to outweigh the indicators of silicon elements. Zvorotnye strumi in Germanic elements, but not in silicon analogs, but allowing the effectiveness of certain radioactive devices. Vrahoyuchi, where the germanium does not expand in nature, like silicon, in radionoprilads it is important to stagnate flint napivprovidnikov elements.
In human organisms, the lack of micro- and macroelements takes place, without any additional functions of all organs and systems, it will simply be ill-humored. People feel about the deeds and of them gradually, but about the notion of those who are called, they don’t see it, but they see their role in good self-esteem. Until the rest of the group to lay down і germanіy, how to take revenge from tіlі people in an organic viglyadі. Well, for the element, for the processes, it is the same as the rule - read on.
Described characteristic
In the zealous mindset germanium є one of the chemical elements, represented in the mendelian tables (to go up to the fourth group). In the nature of ideas, in viglyadi solid, syro-white speech with metal vidblisk, but in some people, in organic form.
Demand to say that it is impossible to call it even more rare, some of them appear in the valiant and sulphide ores and silikats, I want to practically not accept the powerful Germanic minerals. The change of the chemical element at the bark of the Earth changes the concentration of the medium, surmi and smut in a few times, and in some minerals, there are 10 kg per ton. Lead the ocean to avenge close to 6 10-5 mg / l germanium. 
A lot of roslin, which grows on the other continents, does not absorb a large amount of this chemical element, and from the runt, because of which the stench can be consumed in the human body. In the organic view, all such warehouses take an immediate part in the small exchange and change processes, just for the distance.
Do you know vi?The first chemistry element was mentioned in 1886, and we learned about the new zeal to the efforts of the famous brew-chemist K. Winclair. In fact, when we talked about yogo іnuvannya і Mendeleev (1869), which cleverly called yo "ekasilіtsієm".
Functions that role in organism
More recently, they respected that germanium is absolutely marny for people and, in principle, is not a good function in all living organisms. Tim isn’t the least, on this year’s day, as if it’s as if it’s some organic part of this chemical element, he can successfully visit the role of the lykarsk warehouses, he wants to say goodbye to the efficiency.
Before it was carried out on laboratory grills, it was shown that there is a small amount of germany, but the triviality of the life of creatures is 25-30%, and this is a good reason for thinking about it for people. 
Already carried out the preliminaries of the role of organic germanium in the body of the people, it is possible to see such a biological function of the chemical element:
- zapobіgannya sour hunger for organism by the way of transferring sourness to tissue (the so-called "blood hypoxia" decreases, which appears when the amount of hemoglobin in erythrocytes decreases);
- stimulation of the development of basic functions to the body by a path of suppression of the processes of expansion of microbial cells and activation of specific cells to immunity;
- active anti-fungal, anti-tier and anti-bacterial infusion for the preparation of interferon purging, as well as preying on the organisms from shkidlivikh microorganisms;
- straining antioxidant inflow, which can be seen to block out radicals;
- covering the development of puffy new products and preventing metastases (in this case, germanium neutralizes negatively charged particles);
- vistupaє regulator of valve etching systems, venous system and peristalsis;
- for rakhunok zupinki ruhu elektronіv u nerve cells, giving Germany a decrease in the development of a person
All the experiments that transfer the value of fluidity to germanium in the human body after oral implantation have shown that after 1.5 years, the most important element, the bloodstream, the small intestine, the small intestine ... Tobto, high rіven Nimachine in the organs of the herbal system and bring it to a prolonged effect when wet into the bloodstream. Important! It is not easy to independently change it on the basis of the specified chemical element, even the wrong way to do it can lead to a serious detachment.
Who has polyagaє germaniy: dzherela products
Whether our organisms have a unique function, it is so important to ensure the optimal level of quiet warehouses for the best self-respect and tone. Price for Nimechchini. Populate this stock, it is possible for a lively man to live (there is only the best), wheat hangings, legumes of culture, mushrooms, tomatoes, riba and seafood (zokrema, shrimp and honey), and so on. 
Support for germany on organism is possible for additional selenium. Bagato, because of the significant products, it is easy to know in the booth of the skin gentleman, which is not to blame for the difficulties of the day.
Dobova requirements and norms
It is no secret that an oversupply of corny components can be no less an antitroch than not less than a failure, so that the person doesn’t go to the replacement of the consumed number of germany, it is important to know about it. good standards... It is important to increase the value in between 0.4 to 1.5 mg and to accumulate in the form of people and an obvious deficiency of a microelement.
Human organism is good at dealing with the absorption of germanium (the percentage of the designated chemical element becomes 95%), and occasionally equally well on the tissues and organs (it is not important to go about the internal space). Vivennya to germany called vidbuvaetsya at once from the cross (up to 90%).
Deficiency and excess
Yak they have already guessed vishche, whether extremeness is not good. It’s like a shortage, so reversal of germanium in the body would be negatively functional features... So, with a deficiency of a microelement (є as a result of the simultaneous living together with a breakdown of metabolic processes in the body), it is possible to develop osteoporosis and demineralization of cystic tissue, and so on.
The overwhelming amount of germany will be flushed into the body, moreover, it is especially not safe to use the courtyard element. In a large number of cases, the surplus can be explained to the inspiration of a pure bet in the minds of the wicked (GDK in others can become 2 mg / cubic meter). In case of a neutral contact with germanium chloride, the microscopic diseases do not become involved, as the whole body is often consumed with liver disease.
Do you know vi?For medical purposes, we have described the element for the first time in the Japanese culture, and the prelude of Professor Asaï, who has revealed a wide range of biological activities in Germany, has become a good source of information.
Yak bachimo, the descriptions of the microelement are just required by our body, but the role is not up to the point of vivchen. To ensure that you get the optimal balance, you just need to get more products and try not to get overwhelmed by the shrewd wicked minds. Chemistry element, vidkritiy 1886 r. at the native argyroditic mineral known to Saxony. Glossary of іnshomovnyh slavs, scho went to the warehouse of the Russian movi. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Nimechchin (named after the batkivshchina vcheny, scho vidkriv element) him. element, ... ... Dictionnaire of Inozemny Sliv Russian Movies
- (Germanium), Ge, chemical element of the IV group of the periodic system, atomic number 32, atomic mass 72.59; nonmetal; Providing material. Nimechchina witnessed by the Nimetsian chemist K. Winclair in 1886. Suchasna encyclopedia
german- Ge Element IV group Periodic. systems; at. n. 32, at. m. 72.59; TB. speeches from metallic. blink. Natural Ge is the sum of five stable isotopes with mass numbers 70, 72, 73, 74 and 76. D. I. ... Dovidnik technical transfer
Nimechchina- (Germanium), Ge, chemical element of the IV group of the periodic system, atomic number 32, atomic mass 72.59; nonmetal; Providing material. The name of the city was shown by the famous chemist K. Winclair in 1886. Lustrovaniy encyclopedic vocabulary
- (Latin Germanium) Ge, chemical element of the IV group of the periodic system, atomic number 32, atomic mass 72.59. The names of the Latin Nimechchin of Nimechchin, in honor of the father of K.A. Winclair. Sriblyasto-siri crystals; strength 5.33 g / cm & sup3, melting point 938.3 ... Great Encyclopedic Glossary
- (Symbol Ge), bіlo sіriy metallevy element of the IV group of the periodic table of Mendelev, in which the bullets are transferred to power not yet critical elements, zokrem, Nimechchin (1871). Vidkritiy element at 1886 p. A byproduct of zinc ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic vocabulary
Ge (form Latin Germania Nimechchina * a. Germanium; n. Germanium; f. Germanium; i. Germanio), chem. element IV group period. sistemi Mendelev, at.n. 32, at. m. 72.59. Prirodny G. is stocked with 4 stable isotopes 70Ge (20.55%), 72Ge. Geological encyclopedia
- (Ge), synthetic single crystal, PP, point symmetry group m3m, density 5.327 g / cm3, Tm = 936 ° C, tb. for the Mohs scale 6, at. m. 72.60. Prosorium in the ІЧ area from 1.5 to 20 microns; optically anisotropic, for l = 1.80 μm coef. fracture n = 4.143. Physical encyclopedia
Noun Glossary of synonyms
NIMECHCHINI- Him. element, symbol Ge (Latin Germanium), at. n. 32, at. m. 72.59; tendency for medium-gray crystal speech, thickness 5327 kg / m3, bil = 937.5 ° С. In the nature of growth; Shoot him with a head rank when reworking zinc blende that ... Great polytechnic encyclopedia
Books
- Ionne leguvannya napivprovidnikiv (silicon and germanium), J. Meyer, L. Erikson, J. Devis. The book is dedicated to the method, which was introduced into the guides of the home elements of the accelerated ions. The method allows you to regulate the density of house atoms and glybin їх ...
- Life Pose To Earth, V. Firsov. Successes in space exploration will come to the fore more respect for the problems of life, the pose of the Earth: in the halls of science fiction, the problem is to move into the field of scientific ideas. Book
